امریکہ دے صدراں دی لسٹ
امریکہ دے آئین دے تحت امریکہ دا صدر ریاست تے حکومت دا سربراہ ہُندا اے ۔
صدراں دی لسٹ[سودھو]
آزاد | |||||||||
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صدر | سابقہ عہدہ | صدارت[lower-alpha ۱] | پارٹی | انتخابات | نائب صدر | ||||
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جارج واشنگٹن 1732–1799 (متوفی عمر: 67 سال) [۱][۲][۳] |
کمانڈر ان چیف کانٹینینٹل فوج (1775–83) |
1 | اپریل 30، 1789[lower-alpha ۲] – مارچ 4، 1797 |
غیر جماعتی [۴] |
1 (1788–89) |
جان ایڈمز [lower-alpha ۳][lower-alpha ۴] | ||
2 (1792) | |||||||||
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جان ایڈمز 1735–1826 (متوفی عمر: 90 سال) [۵][۶][۷] |
نائب صدر ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا | 2 | مارچ 4، 1797 – مارچ 4، 1801 |
فیڈرلسٹ پارٹی | 3 (1796) |
ٹامس جیفرسن [lower-alpha ۵] | ||
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ٹامس جیفرسن 1743–1826 (متوفی عمر: 83 سال) [۸][۹][۱۰] |
نائب صدر ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا | 3 | مارچ 4، 1801 – مارچ 4، 1809 |
ڈیموکریٹک ریپبلکن پارٹی | 4 (1800) |
Aaron Burr مارچ 4، 1801 – مارچ 4، 1805 | ||
5 (1804) |
George Clinton مارچ 4، 1805 – مارچ 4، 1809 | ||||||||
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جیمز میڈیسن 1751–1836 (متوفی عمر: 85 سال) [۱۱][۱۲][۱۳] |
وزیر خارجہ ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکہ (1801–09) |
4 | مارچ 4، 1809 – مارچ 4، 1817 |
ڈیموکریٹک ریپبلکن پارٹی | 6 (1808) |
George Clinton مارچ 4، 1809 – April 20, 1812 (Died in office) | ||
Office vacant (Balance of Clinton's 2nd term) | |||||||||
7 (1812) |
Elbridge Gerry مارچ 4، 1813 – November 23, 1814 (Died in office) | ||||||||
Office vacant (Balance of Gerry's term) | |||||||||
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جیمز مونرو 1758–1831 (متوفی عمر: 73 سال) [۱۴][۱۵][۱۶] |
وزیر خارجہ ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکہ (1811–17) |
5 | مارچ 4، 1817 – مارچ 4، 1825 |
ڈیموکریٹک ریپبلکن پارٹی | 8 (1816) |
Daniel D. Tompkins | ||
9 (1820) | |||||||||
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جان کوئنسی ایڈمز 1767–1848 (متوفی عمر: 80 سال) [۱۷][۱۸][۱۹] |
وزیر خارجہ ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکہ (1817–25) |
6 | مارچ 4، 1825 – مارچ 4، 1829 |
ڈیموکریٹک ریپبلکن پارٹی | 10 (1824) |
John C. Calhoun | ||
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اینڈریو جیکسن 1767–1845 (متوفی عمر: 78 سال) [۲۰][۲۱][۲۲] |
U.S. Senator from ٹینیسی (1823–25) |
7 | مارچ 4، 1829 – مارچ 4، 1837 |
ڈیموکریٹک پارٹی | 11 (1828) |
John C. Calhoun [lower-alpha ۶] مارچ 4، 1829 – December 28, 1832 (Resigned from office) | ||
Office vacant (Balance of Calhoun's term) | |||||||||
12 (1832) |
مارٹن وان بورن مارچ 4، 1833 – مارچ 4، 1837 | ||||||||
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مارٹن وان بورن 1782–1862 (متوفی عمر: 79 سال) [۲۳][۲۴][۲۵] |
نائب صدر ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا | 8 | مارچ 4، 1837 – مارچ 4، 1841 |
ڈیموکریٹک پارٹی | 13 (1836) |
Richard Mentor Johnson | ||
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ولیم ہنری ہیریسن 1773–1841 (متوفی عمر: 68 سال) [۲۶][۲۷][۲۸] |
United States Minister to Colombia (1828–29) |
9 | مارچ 4، 1841 – اپریل 4، 1841 (Died in office) |
وگ پارٹی | 14 (1840) |
جان ٹائلر (Succeeded to presidency) | ||
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جان ٹائلر 1790–1862 (متوفی عمر: 71 سال) [۲۹][۳۰][۳۱] |
نائب صدر ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا | 10 | اپریل 4، 1841 – مارچ 4، 1845 |
وگ پارٹی اپریل 4، 1841 – September 13, 1841 |
Office vacant | |||
Nonpartisan September 13, 1841 – مارچ 4، 1845 [lower-alpha ۷] | |||||||||
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جیمز کے پوک 1795–1849 (متوفی عمر: 53 سال) [۳۲][۳۳][۳۴] |
9th Governor of Tennessee (1839–41) |
11 | مارچ 4، 1845 – مارچ 4، 1849 |
ڈیموکریٹک پارٹی | 15 (1844) |
George M. Dallas | ||
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زیکری ٹیلر 1784–1850 (متوفی عمر: 65 سال) [۳۵][۳۶][۳۷] |
Major General of the 1st Infantry Regiment امریکی فوج (1846–49) |
12 | مارچ 4، 1849 – جولائی 9، 1850 (Died in office) |
وگ پارٹی | 16 (1848) |
میلارڈ فلمور (Succeeded to presidency) | ||
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میلارڈ فلمور 1800–1874 (متوفی عمر: 74 سال) [۳۸][۳۹][۴۰] |
نائب صدر ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا | 13 | جولائی 9، 1850 – مارچ 4، 1853 |
وگ پارٹی | Office vacant | |||
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فرینکلن پیئرس 1804–1869 (متوفی عمر: 64 سال) [۴۱][۴۲][۴۳] |
Brigadier General of the 9th Infantry امریکی فوج (1847–48) |
14 | مارچ 4، 1853 – مارچ 4، 1857 |
ڈیموکریٹک پارٹی | 17 (1852) |
William R. King March 4 – April 18, 1853 (Died in office) | ||
Office vacant (Balance of King's term) | |||||||||
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جیمز بکانن 1791–1868 (متوفی عمر: 77 سال) [۴۴][۴۵][۴۶] |
United States Minister to the Court of St James's (1853–56) |
15 | مارچ 4، 1857 – مارچ 4، 1861 |
ڈیموکریٹک پارٹی | 18 (1856) |
John C. Breckinridge | ||
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ابراہام لنکن 1809–1865 (متوفی عمر: 56 سال) [۴۷][۴۸][۴۹] |
U.S. Representative for Illinois' 7th District (1847–49) |
16 | مارچ 4، 1861 – اپریل 15، 1865 (Died in office) |
ریپبلکن پارٹی (National Union) [lower-alpha ۸] |
19 (1860) |
Hannibal Hamlin مارچ 4، 1861 – مارچ 4، 1865 | ||
20 (1864) |
انڈریو جانسن March 4 – اپریل 15، 1865 (Succeeded to presidency) | ||||||||
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انڈریو جانسن 1808–1875 (متوفی عمر: 66 سال) [۵۰][۵۱][۵۲] |
نائب صدر ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا | 17 | اپریل 15، 1865 – مارچ 4، 1869 |
National Union [lower-alpha ۸] Unaffiliated [lower-alpha ۹] |
Office vacant | |||
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اولیسس ایس گرانٹ 1822–1885 (متوفی عمر: 63 سال) [۵۳][۵۴][۵۵] |
Commanding General of the U.S. Army (1864–69) |
18 | مارچ 4، 1869 – مارچ 4، 1877 |
ریپبلکن پارٹی | 21 (1868) |
Schuyler Colfax مارچ 4، 1869 – مارچ 4، 1873 | ||
22 (1872) |
Henry Wilson مارچ 4، 1873 – نومبر 22، 1875 (Died in office) | ||||||||
Office vacant (Balance of Wilson's term) | |||||||||
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ردرفورڈ بی ہیز 1822–1893 (متوفی عمر: 70 سال) [۵۶][۵۷][۵۸] |
32nd Governor of Ohio (1868–72 & 1876–77) |
19 | مارچ 4، 1877 – مارچ 4، 1881 |
ریپبلکن پارٹی | 23 (1876) |
William A. Wheeler | ||
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جیمز گارفیلڈ 1831–1881 (متوفی عمر: 49 سال) [۵۹][۶۰][۶۱] |
U.S. Representative for Ohio's 19th District (1863–81) |
20 | مارچ 4، 1881 – ستمبر 19، 1881 (Died in office) |
ریپبلکن پارٹی | 24 (1880) |
چیسٹر اے آرتھر (Succeeded to presidency) | ||
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چیسٹر اے آرتھر 1829–1886 (متوفی عمر: 57 سال) [۶۲][۶۳][۶۴] |
نائب صدر ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا | 21 | ستمبر 19، 1881 – مارچ 4، 1885 |
ریپبلکن پارٹی | Office vacant | |||
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گروور کلیولینڈ 1837–1908 (متوفی عمر: 71 سال) [۶۵][۶۶] |
28th Governor of New York (1883–85) |
22 | مارچ 4، 1885 – مارچ 4، 1889 |
ڈیموکریٹک پارٹی | 25 (1884) |
Thomas A. Hendricks March 4 – November 25, 1885 (Died in office) | ||
Office vacant (Balance of Hendricks' term) | |||||||||
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بنجمن ہیریسن 1833–1901 (متوفی عمر: 67 سال) [۶۷][۶۸][۶۹] |
U.S. Senator from انڈیانا (1881–87) |
23 | مارچ 4، 1889 – مارچ 4، 1893 |
ریپبلکن پارٹی | 26 (1888) |
Levi P. Morton | ||
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گروور کلیولینڈ 1837–1908 (متوفی عمر: 71 سال) [۶۵][۶۶] |
صدر ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا (1885–89) |
24 | مارچ 4، 1893 – مارچ 4، 1897 |
ڈیموکریٹک پارٹی | 27 (1892) |
Adlai Stevenson | ||
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ولیم میک کنلے 1843–1901 (متوفی عمر: 58 سال) [۷۰][۷۱][۷۲] |
39th Governor of Ohio (1892–96) |
25 | مارچ 4، 1897 – ستمبر 14، 1901 (Died in office) |
ریپبلکن پارٹی | 28 (1896) |
Garret Hobart مارچ 4، 1897 – November 21, 1899 (Died in office) | ||
Office vacant (Balance of Hobart's term) | |||||||||
29 (1900) |
تھیوڈور روزویلٹ March 4 – ستمبر 14، 1901 (Succeeded to presidency) | ||||||||
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تھیوڈور روزویلٹ 1858–1919 (متوفی عمر: 60 سال) [۷۳][۷۴][۷۵] |
نائب صدر ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا | 26 | ستمبر 14، 1901 – مارچ 4، 1909 |
ریپبلکن پارٹی | Office vacant ستمبر 14، 1901 – مارچ 4، 1905 | |||
30 (1904) |
Charles W. Fairbanks مارچ 4، 1905 – مارچ 4، 1909 | ||||||||
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ولیم ہاورڈ ٹافٹ 1857–1930 (متوفی عمر: 72 سال) [۷۶][۷۷][۷۸] |
42nd United States Secretary of War (1904–08) |
27 | مارچ 4، 1909 – مارچ 4، 1913 |
ریپبلکن پارٹی | 31 (1908) |
James S. Sherman مارچ 4، 1909 – October 30, 1912 (Died in office) | ||
Office vacant (Balance of Sherman's term) | |||||||||
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ووڈرو ولسن 1856–1924 (متوفی عمر: 67 سال) [۷۹][۸۰][۸۱] |
34th Governor of New Jersey (1911–13) |
28 | مارچ 4، 1913 – مارچ 4، 1921 |
ڈیموکریٹک پارٹی | 32 (1912) |
Thomas R. Marshall | ||
33 (1916) | |||||||||
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وارن جی ہارڈنگ 1865–1923 (متوفی عمر: 57 سال) [۸۲][۸۳][۸۴] |
U.S. Senator from اوہائیو (1915–21) |
29 | مارچ 4، 1921 – اگست 2، 1923 (Died in office) |
ریپبلکن پارٹی | 34 (1920) |
کیلون کولج (Succeeded to presidency) | ||
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کیلون کولج 1872–1933 (متوفی عمر: 60 سال) [۸۵][۸۶][۸۷] |
نائب صدر ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا | 30 | اگست 2، 1923 – مارچ 4، 1929 |
ریپبلکن پارٹی | Office vacant اگست 2، 1923 – مارچ 4، 1925 | |||
35 (1924) |
چارلز ڈاز مارچ 4، 1925 – مارچ 4، 1929 | ||||||||
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ہربرٹ ہوور 1874–1964 (متوفی عمر: 90 سال) [۸۸][۸۹][۹۰] |
3rd United States Secretary of Commerce (1921–28) |
31 | مارچ 4، 1929 – مارچ 4، 1933 |
ریپبلکن پارٹی | 36 (1928) |
Charles Curtis | ||
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فرینکلن ڈی روزویلٹ 1882–1945 (متوفی عمر: 63 سال) [۹۱][۹۲][۹۳] |
44th Governor of New York (1929–32) |
32 | مارچ 4، 1933 – اپریل 12، 1945 (Died in office) |
ڈیموکریٹک پارٹی | 37 (1932) |
John Nance Garner مارچ 4، 1933 – جنوری 20، 1941 [lower-alpha ۱۰] | ||
38 (1936) | |||||||||
39 (1940) |
Henry A. Wallace جنوری 20، 1941 – جنوری 20، 1945 | ||||||||
40 (1944) |
ہیری ٹرومین January 20 – اپریل 12، 1945 (Succeeded to presidency) | ||||||||
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ہیری ٹرومین 1884–1972 (متوفی عمر: 88 سال) [۹۴][۹۵][۹۶] |
نائب صدر ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا | 33 | اپریل 12، 1945 – جنوری 20، 1953 |
ڈیموکریٹک پارٹی | Office vacant اپریل 12، 1945 – جنوری 20، 1949 | |||
41 (1948) |
Alben W. Barkley جنوری 20، 1949 – جنوری 20، 1953 | ||||||||
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ڈیوائٹ ڈی آئزن ہاور 1890–1969 (متوفی عمر: 78 سال) [۹۷][۹۸][۹۹] |
Supreme Allied Commander Europe (1949–52) |
34 | جنوری 20، 1953 – جنوری 20، 1961 |
ریپبلکن پارٹی | 42 (1952) |
رچرڈ نکسن | ||
43 (1956) | |||||||||
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جان ایف کینیڈی 1917–1963 (متوفی عمر: 46 سال) [۱۰۰][۱۰۱][۱۰۲] |
U.S. Senator from میساچوسٹس (1953–60) |
35 | جنوری 20، 1961 – نومبر 22، 1963 (Died in office) |
ڈیموکریٹک پارٹی | 44 (1960) |
لنڈن بی جانسن (Succeeded to presidency) | ||
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لنڈن بی جانسن 1908–1973 (متوفی عمر: 64 سال) [۱۰۳][۱۰۴] |
نائب صدر ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا | 36 | نومبر 22، 1963 – جنوری 20، 1969 |
ڈیموکریٹک پارٹی | Office vacant نومبر 22، 1963 – جنوری 20، 1965 | |||
45 (1964) |
Hubert Humphrey جنوری 20، 1965 – جنوری 20، 1969 | ||||||||
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رچرڈ نکسن 1913–1994 (متوفی عمر: 81 سال) [۱۰۵][۱۰۶][۱۰۷] |
نائب صدر ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا (1953–61) |
37 | جنوری 20، 1969 – اگست 9، 1974 (Resigned from office) |
ریپبلکن پارٹی | 46 (1968) |
Spiro Agnew جنوری 20، 1969 – October 10, 1973 (Resigned from office) | ||
47 (1972) | |||||||||
Office vacant October 10 – December 6, 1973 | |||||||||
جیرالڈ فورڈ December 6, 1973 – اگست 9، 1974 (Succeeded to presidency) | |||||||||
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جیرالڈ فورڈ 1913–2006 (متوفی عمر: 93 سال) [۱۰۸][۱۰۹][۱۱۰] |
نائب صدر ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا | 38 | اگست 9، 1974 – جنوری 20، 1977 |
ریپبلکن پارٹی | Office vacant August 9 – December 19, 1974 | |||
Nelson Rockefeller December 19, 1974 – جنوری 20، 1977 | |||||||||
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جمی کارٹر Born 1924 (لکھن غلطی: "۲" نشان پچھانیا نہیں جارہیا سال) [۱۱۱][۱۱۲][۱۱۳] |
76th Governor of Georgia (1971–75) |
39 | جنوری 20، 1977 – جنوری 20، 1981 |
ڈیموکریٹک پارٹی | 48 (1976) |
Walter Mondale | ||
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رونالڈ ریگن 1911–2004 (متوفی عمر: 93 سال) [۱۱۴][۱۱۵][۱۱۶] |
33rd Governor of California (1967–75) |
40 | جنوری 20، 1981 – جنوری 20، 1989 |
ریپبلکن پارٹی | 49 (1980) |
جارج ایچ ڈبلیو بش | ||
50 (1984) | |||||||||
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جارج ایچ ڈبلیو بش Born 1924 (لکھن غلطی: "۲" نشان پچھانیا نہیں جارہیا سال) [۱۱۷][۱۱۸][۱۱۹] |
نائب صدر ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا | 41 | جنوری 20، 1989 – جنوری 20، 1993 |
ریپبلکن پارٹی | 51 (1988) |
Dan Quayle | ||
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بل کلنٹن Born 1946 (لکھن غلطی: "۲" نشان پچھانیا نہیں جارہیا سال) [۱۲۰][۱۲۱][۱۲۲] |
40th & 42nd Governor of Arkansas (1979–81 & 1983–92) |
42 | جنوری 20، 1993 – جنوری 20، 2001 |
ڈیموکریٹک پارٹی | 52 (1992) |
ایل گور | ||
53 (1996) | |||||||||
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جارج ڈبلیو بش Born 1946 (لکھن غلطی: "۲" نشان پچھانیا نہیں جارہیا سال) [۱۲۳][۱۲۴] |
46th Governor of Texas (1995–2000) |
43 | جنوری 20، 2001 – جنوری 20، 2009 |
ریپبلکن پارٹی | 54 (2000) |
ڈک چینی | ||
55 (2004) | |||||||||
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بارک اوباما Born 1961 (لکھن غلطی: "۲" نشان پچھانیا نہیں جارہیا سال) [۱۲۵][۱۲۶] |
U.S. Senator from الینوائے (2005–08) |
44 | جنوری 20، 2009 – برسر منصب |
ڈیموکریٹک پارٹی | 56 (2008) |
Joe Biden | ||
57 (2012) |
جیوندے سابق صدر[سودھو]
اکتوبر ۲۰۱۲ کے مطابق
صدر | عہدے دی مدت | تاریخ پیدائش |
---|---|---|
جمی کارٹر | 1977–1981 | ۱ اکتوبر 1924 | (لکھن غلطی: "۲" نشان پچھانیا نہیں جارہیا)
جارج ایچ ڈبلیو بش | 1989–1993 | ۱۲ جون 1924 | (لکھن غلطی: "۲" نشان پچھانیا نہیں جارہیا)
بل کلنٹن | 1993–2001 | ۱۹ اگست 1946 | (لکھن غلطی: "۲" نشان پچھانیا نہیں جارہیا)
جارج ڈبلیو بش | 2001–2009 | ۶ جولائی 1946 | (لکھن غلطی: "۲" نشان پچھانیا نہیں جارہیا)
حوالے[سودھو]
- ↑ The وائٹ ہاؤس (March 12, 2007). "Biography of George Washington". Whitehouse.gov. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/georgewashington/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "George Washington – no Political Party – 1st President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/washington. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of George Washington". American Presidents: Life Portraits. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?121783-1/life-portrait-george-washington. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "George Washington's views on political parties in America | Washington Times Communities". Communities.washingtontimes.com. 2012-03-09. http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/history-purpose/2012/mar/9/george-washington-warns-against-political-parties/. Retrieved on January 2, 2013.
- ↑ "Biography of John Adams". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johnadams/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "John Adams – Federalist Party – 2nd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/adams. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of John Adams". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?121951-1/life-portrait-john-adams. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Thomas Jefferson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/thomasjefferson/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Thomas Jefferson – Democratic-Republican Party – 3rd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/jefferson. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Thomas Jefferson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?121787-1/life-portrait-thomas-jefferson. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of James Madison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesmadison/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "James Madison – Democratic-Republican Party – 4th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/madison. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of James Madison". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?122316-1/life-portrait-james-madison. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of James Madison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesmonroe/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "James Monroe – Democratic-Republican Party – 5th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/monroe. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of James Monroe". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?122387-1/life-portrait-james-monroe. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of John Quincy Adams". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johnquincyadams/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "John Quincy Adams – Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, WHIG Party – 6th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/johnqadams. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of John Quincy Adams". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?122555-1/life-portrait-john-quincy-adams. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Andrew Jackson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/andrewjackson/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Andrew Jackson – Democratic-Republican Party – 7th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/jackson. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Andrew Jackson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?122792-1/life-portrait-andrew-jackson. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Martin Van Buren". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/martinvanburen/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Martin Van Buren – Democratic-Republican, Democratic, and Free Soil Party – 8th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/vanburen. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?122988-1/life-portrait-martin-van-buren. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of William Henry Harrison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamhenryharrison/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "William Henry Harrison – WHIG Party – 9th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/williamhenryharrison. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of William Henry Harrison". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?123123-1/life-portrait-william-henry-harrison. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of John Tyler". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johntyler/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "John Tyler – No Party – 10th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/tyler. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of John Tyler". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?123380-1/life-portrait-john-tyler. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of James Polk". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamespolk/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "James Polk – Democratic Party – 11th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/polk. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of James K. Polk". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?123943-1/life-portrait-james-k-polk. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Zachary Taylor". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/zacharytaylor/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Zachary Taylor – WHIG Party – 12th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/taylor. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Zachary Taylor". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?123944-1/life-portrait-zachary-taylor. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Millard Fillmore". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/millardfillmore/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Millard Fillmore – WHIG Party – 13th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/fillmore. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Millard Fillmore". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?124976-1/life-portrait-millard-fillmore. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Franklin Pierce". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/franklinpierce/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Franklin Pierce – Democratic Party – 14th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/pierce. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Franklin Pierce". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?125004-1/life-portrait-franklin-pierce. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of James Buchanan". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesbuchanan/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "James Buchanan – Democratic Party – 15th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/buchanan. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of James Buchanan". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?125214-1/life-portrait-james-buchanan. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Abraham Lincoln". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/abrahamlincoln/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Abraham Lincoln – Republic, National Union Party – 16th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/lincoln. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Abraham Lincoln". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?125640-1/life-portrait-abraham-lincoln. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Andrew Johnson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/andrewjohnson/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Andrew Johnson – National Union Party – 17th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/andrewjohnson. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Andrew Johnson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?150104-1/life-portrait-andrew-johnson. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Ulysses S. Grant". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/ulyssessgrant/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Ulysses S. Grant – National Union Party – 18th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/grant. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Ulysses S. Grant". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?150209-1/life-portrait-ulysses-s-grant. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Rutherford B. Hayes". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/rutherfordbhayes/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Rutherford B. Hayes – Republican Party – 19th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/hayes. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Rutherford B. Hayes". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?150637-1/life-portrait-rutherford-b-hayes. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of James Garfield". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesgarfield/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "James Garfield – Republican Party – 20th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/garfield. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of James Garfield". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?151093-1/life-portrait-james-garfield. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Chester Arthur". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/chesterarthur/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Chester A. Arthur – Republican Party – 21st President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/arthur. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Chester A. Arthur". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?151431-1/life-portrait-chester-arthur. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ ۶۵.۰ ۶۵.۱ "Grover Cleveland – Democratic Party – 22nd and 24th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/cleveland. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ ۶۶.۰ ۶۶.۱ "Life Portrait of Grover Cleveland". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?151466-1/life-portrait-grover-cleveland. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Benjamin Harrison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/benjaminharrison/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "William Henry Harrison – Whig Party – 23rd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/benjaminharrison. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Benjamin Harrison". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?151616-1/life-portrait-benjamin-harrison. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of William McKinley". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williammckinley/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "William McKinley – Republican Party – 25th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/mckinley. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of William McKinley". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?151617-1/life-portrait-william-mckinley. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Theodore Roosevelt". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/theodoreroosevelt/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Theodore Roosevelt – Republican, Bull Moose Party – 26th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/teddyroosevelt. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?151618-1/life-portrait-theodore-roosevelt. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of William Howard Taft". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamhowardtaft/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "William Howard Taft – Republican Party – 27th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/taft. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of William Howard Taft". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?151620-1/life-portrait-william-howard-taft. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Woodrow Wilson". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/woodrowwilson/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Woodrow Wilson – Democratic Party – 28th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/wilson. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Woodrow Wilson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?151624-1/life-portrait-woodrow-wilson. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Warren G. Harding". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/warrenharding/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Warren Harding – Republican Party – 29th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/wilson. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Warren G. Harding". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?151625-1/life-portrait-warren-g-harding. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Calvin Coolidge". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/calvincoolidge/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Calvin Coolidge – Republican Party – 30th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/wilson. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Calvin Coolidge". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?151626-1/life-portrait-calvin-coolidge. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Herbert Hoover". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/herberthoover/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Herbert Hoover – Republican Party – 31st President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/wilson. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Herbert Hoover". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?151627-1/life-portrait-herbert-hoover. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Franklin D. Roosevelt". Whitehouse.gov. March 20, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/franklindroosevelt/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Franklin D. Roosevelt – Democratic Party – 32nd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/fdr. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?151628-1/life-portrait-franklin-d-roosevelt. Retrieved on March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Harry S Truman". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/harrystruman/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Harry S Truman – Democratic Party – 33rd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/fdr. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Harry S. Truman". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?151629-1/life-portrait-harry-s-truman. Retrieved on March 7, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Dwight D. Eisenhower". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/dwightdeisenhower/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Dwight D. Eisenhower – Democratic Party – 34th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/eisenhower. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?151630-1/life-portrait-dwight-d-eisenhower. Retrieved on March 7, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of John F. Kennedy". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johnfkennedy/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "John F. Kennedy – Democratic Party – 35th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/kennedy. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of John F. Kennedy". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?151631-1/life-portrait-john-f-kennedy. Retrieved on March 7, 2016.
- ↑ "Lyndon B. Johnson – Democratic Party – 36th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/kennedy. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Lyndon B. Johnson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?151632-1/life-portrait-lyndon-b-johnson. Retrieved on March 7, 2016.
- ↑ "Richard M. Nixon". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/richardnixon/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Richard Nixon – Republican Party – 37th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/nixon. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Richard M. Nixon". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?151633-1/life-portrait-richard-m-nixon. Retrieved on March 7, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Gerald R. Ford". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/geraldford/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Gerald Ford – Republican Party – 38th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/ford. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Gerald R. Ford". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?151634-1/life-portrait-gerald-r-ford. Retrieved on March 7, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Jimmy Carter". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jimmycarter. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Jimmy Carter – Democratic Party – 39th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/ford. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Jimmy Carter". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?151635-1/life-portrait-jimmy-carter. Retrieved on March 7, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Ronald Reagan". Whitehouse.gov. June 25, 2008. https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/ronaldreagan. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Ronald Reagan – Republican Party – 40th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/ford. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Ronald Reagan". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?151636-1/life-portrait-ronald-reagan. Retrieved on March 7, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of George Herbert Walker Bush". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/georgehwbush. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "George H. W. Bush – Republican Party – 41st President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/george-bush. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of George H.W. Bush". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?151637-1/life-portrait-george-hw-bush. Retrieved on March 7, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of William J. Clinton". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/williamjclinton. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Bill Clinton – Democratic Party – 42nd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/bill-clinton. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Bill Clinton". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://www.c-span.org/video/?151639-1/life-portrait-bill-clinton. Retrieved on March 7, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of President George W. Bush". Whitehouse.gov. February 25, 2007. https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/georgewbush. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "George W. Bush – Republican Party – 43rd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/george-w-bush. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "President Barack Obama". Whitehouse.gov. جنوری 20، 2009. http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president_obama/. Retrieved on جنوری 20، 2009.
- ↑ "Barack Obama – Democratic Party – 44th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/barack-obama. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
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