رونی لپی

رونی;
قِسم	حروف تہجی
زباناں	جرمینی بولیاں
مدّتِ وقت	2 صدی توں ایلڈر فتھارک
بنیادی نظام	فونشیائی لپی پرانی اٹیلک لپی رونی; ;
Child systems	ینگر فتھارک ، اینگلو - سیکسن فتھارک
آیزو 15924	Runr, 211
سمت	کھبے تو‏ں سجے پاسے
عرفِ یکرمز	Runic
Unicode range	U+16A0–U+16FF
	نوٹ: اس صفحہ اُتے بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ صو‏‏تی علامات شامل ہوئے سکدیاں نيں۔

رونی لپی ( انگریزی : Runic alphabets , رونک ایلفابٹس ) پرانے ویلے دے یورپ وچّ کجھ جرمینی بولیاں لئی استعمال ہون والی حروف تہجی نوں کیہا جاندا سی جو رون ( rune ) ناں دے اکھر استعمال کردیاں سن ۔^[۱]^[۲] ویلے دے نال جویں - جویں یورپ وچّ عیسائی کرن ہویا اتے لاطینی بولی دھارمک بولی بنّ گئی تاں اینہاں بولیاں نے رومن لپی نوں اپنا لیا اتے رونی لپیاں دا استعمال گھٹدا گیا ۔^[۳] سکینڈینیویا وچّ استعمال ہون والی رونی لپیاں نوں فتھارک ( futhark جاں fuþark ) کیہا جاندا سی کیونکہ ایہناں دے پہلے چھ اکھراں دیاں فونیٹک(آوازاں) ف ( F ) , او ( U ) , تھ ( Þ ) , ا ( A ) , ر ( R ) اتے ک ( K ) سن ۔ ^[۴] اسوچّ تھ دی آواز اتے دھیان دیو کیونکہ ایہہ بناں بندی والے تھ توں ذرا وکھ ہے ۔ پرانی انگریزی وچّ کجھ آوازاں بدل جان نال اس حروف تہجی نوں فتھورک ( futhorc جاں fuþorc ) کیہا جاندا سی ۔^[۵]

سبھتوں پرانیاں رونی لکھائیاں سنّ 150 عیسوی دے آسپاس شلاوانئتے ہور چیزاں اتے ملدیاں ہن ۔ ^[۶] جویں - جویں عیسائی دھرم پھیلیا اتلے یورپ دیاں ایہہ پرانیاں لپیاں مردیاں گئیاں ۔^[۷] 700 عیسوی تکّ ایہہ وچکار یورپ وچّ ختم ہو چکی سن اتے 1100 عیسوی تکّ ایہہ اتلے یورپ وچّ ختم ہو گئی ۔ پھر وی جتھے - اتھے ایہناں دا استعمال جاری رہا ، جویں کہ تصویراں وچّ سجاوٹ لئی جاں کیلینڈراں اتے ۔^[۳]

ویروا

رونی لپیاں دیوناگری اتے لاطینی لپی دی طرحاں کھبے پاسے توں سجے لکھیاں جاندیاں سن ۔ سمجھیا جاندا ہے کہ ایہہ پرانی اطالوی لپیاں توں اٹلی توں شمال دے ولّ پھیلیاں ۔ ایہہ تنّ رونی حروف تہجی سن جنہاں اتے سبھ توں زیادہ لینگؤئسٹک جانکاری ہے --^[۸]

ایلڈر فپھتھارک ( ایلڈر فتھارک ، Elder Futhark ) - ایہہ اتلیاں لہندیاں جرمینی بولیاں لئی 150–800 عیسوی دےویلے وچّ استعمال ہندی سی ۔ ایلڈر فتھارک دی سبھتوں پرانی لکھائی 160 عیسوی ( اندازا ) وچّ بنی اک کنگھی اتے ملی ہے ۔^[۶]^[۸]
اینگلو - سیکسن فتھورک ( Anglo - Saxon Futhorc ) - ایہہ اینگلو - سیکسن لوکاں ولوں پرانی انگریزی لکھن لئی 400–1100 عیسوی دے ویلے وچّ استعمال ہندی سی ۔ اسنوں کدے - کدے لاطینی بولی لکھن لئی وی استعمال کیتا جاندا سی ۔^[۸]
ینگر فتھارک ( ینگر فتھارک ، Younger Futhark ) - ایہہ سکینڈینیویا وچّ پرانی نارس بولی لکھن لئی 800–1100 عیسوی دے ویلے وچّ استعمال ہندی سی ۔ ^[۸] اس لپی توں اگے چلکے اتے رونی لپیاں پیدا ہوئیاں ۔ اس لپی نوں ختم لئی عیسائی گرجا گھر نے سنّ 1639 وچّ اسدا استعمال ممنوع کر دتا ۔^[۹]

ایہ وی ویکھو

حوالے

↑ Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Benjamin W. Fortson, IV, pp 348, John Wiley & Sons, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4443-5968-8, ... The first writing system used by Germanic peoples to record their own languages is called the runic alphabet, after the runes, the name for the early Germanic letters ...
↑ Norwegian Runes And Runic Inscriptions, Terje Spurkland, Boydell Press, 2005, ISBN 978-1-84383-186-0, ... Runes were a functional writing system that endured for 1300 years in Norway - from about AD200 up to the fifteenth century. About 6000 runic inscriptions have been found, half of which are in Sweden. There are about 1600 Norwegian inscriptions. Runes were unique and completely exclusive to northern Europe; they were primarily used in Scandinavia, but were also used in the British Isles, northern Germany and wherever northern Europeans needed to mark their hunting grounds ...
↑ ^۳.۰ ^۳.۱ Rune Cards, Ralph Blum, pp. 24, Connections Book Publishing, 2004, ISBN 978-1-85906-138-1, ... As worship of the pagan gods fell into disfavour and was displaced by Christianity, the runic alphabet was supplanted by the ubiquitous Latin script. However, the Runes continued to survive. Calendars known as primstave, or runstaf ...
↑ Hitler's Master of the Dark Arts: Himmler's Black Knights and the Occult Origins of the SS, Bill Yenne, pp. 24, Zenith Imprint, 2010, ISBN 978-0-7603-3778-3, ... There are a number of well-known northern European runic alphabets, some dating back to around the first century. Those in Scandinavia are known as futhark, or, in Anglo-Saxon, futhorc ...
↑ The Spiritual Runes: A Guide to the Ancestral Wisdom, Harmonia Saille, O Books, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84694-201-3, ... The Elder Futhark is the oldest rune row and is thought to have come into use in about 100 CE. It is this Futhark that we will be discussing throughout this book. The name “Futhark” is taken from the initial six runes ...
↑ ^۶.۰ ^۶.۱ Texts and Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions, Tineke Looijenga, pp. 78, BRILL, 2003, ISBN 978-90-04-12396-0, ... the oldest known runic object (160 AD), the harja comb, found in the Vimose bog, may have been made in regions south of the Baltic Sea ...
↑ Little Giant Encyclopedia: Runes, Sirona Knight, pp. 206, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2008, ISBN 978-1-4027-6006-8, ... By the third century, the runic alphabet was the only one used in Scandinavia. However, it fell out of use in middle Europe with the expansion of Christianity thanks to the legally enforced preference for Latin. It is interesting that as late as 1611, though people were persecuted and put to death by Christians for using runes, there were still attempts to get runes adopted as the official alphabet of Sweden ...
↑ ^۸.۰ ^۸.۱ ^۸.۲ ^۸.۳ Northern Lore, Eoghan Odinsson, Eoghan Odinsson, pp. 35-36, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4528-5143-3, ... The three best runic rows, and their approximate years of common usage are: (*) Elder Futhark (around 150 to 800 CE), (*) Old English Futhorc (400 to 1100 CE), (*) Younger Futhark (800-1100 CE) ... The Elder Futhark is the oldest form of the runic row, used by Germanic tribes for Northwest Germanic and Migration period of the 2nd to 8th centuries for inscriptions on artifacts such as jewellry, amulets, tools, weapons and runestones. In Scandinavia, the script was simplified to the Younger Futhark from the late 8th century ...
↑ Runes for Transformation: Using Ancient Symbols to Change Your Life, Kaedrich Olsen, Weiser Books, 2008, ISBN 978-1-57863-425-5, ... The Younger Futhark was used in Scandinavia from about 500 CE until 1639 CE, when it was banned by the church ...

[ref98gemaf-1] Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Benjamin W. Fortson, IV, pp 348, John Wiley & Sons, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4443-5968-8, ... The first writing system used by Germanic peoples to record their own languages is called the runic alphabet, after the runes, the name for the early Germanic letters ...

[ref71videy-2] Norwegian Runes And Runic Inscriptions, Terje Spurkland, Boydell Press, 2005, ISBN 978-1-84383-186-0, ... Runes were a functional writing system that endured for 1300 years in Norway - from about AD200 up to the fifteenth century. About 6000 runic inscriptions have been found, half of which are in Sweden. There are about 1600 Norwegian inscriptions. Runes were unique and completely exclusive to northern Europe; they were primarily used in Scandinavia, but were also used in the British Isles, northern Germany and wherever northern Europeans needed to mark their hunting grounds ...

[ref25zofoy-3] ۳.۰ ^۳.۱ Rune Cards, Ralph Blum, pp. 24, Connections Book Publishing, 2004, ISBN 978-1-85906-138-1, ... As worship of the pagan gods fell into disfavour and was displaced by Christianity, the runic alphabet was supplanted by the ubiquitous Latin script. However, the Runes continued to survive. Calendars known as primstave, or runstaf ...

[ref07cihec-4] Hitler's Master of the Dark Arts: Himmler's Black Knights and the Occult Origins of the SS, Bill Yenne, pp. 24, Zenith Imprint, 2010, ISBN 978-0-7603-3778-3, ... There are a number of well-known northern European runic alphabets, some dating back to around the first century. Those in Scandinavia are known as futhark, or, in Anglo-Saxon, futhorc ...

[ref78pafaj-5] The Spiritual Runes: A Guide to the Ancestral Wisdom, Harmonia Saille, O Books, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84694-201-3, ... The Elder Futhark is the oldest rune row and is thought to have come into use in about 100 CE. It is this Futhark that we will be discussing throughout this book. The name “Futhark” is taken from the initial six runes ...

[ref89laxux-6] ۶.۰ ^۶.۱ Texts and Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions, Tineke Looijenga, pp. 78, BRILL, 2003, ISBN 978-90-04-12396-0, ... the oldest known runic object (160 AD), the harja comb, found in the Vimose bog, may have been made in regions south of the Baltic Sea ...

[ref17zameq-7] Little Giant Encyclopedia: Runes, Sirona Knight, pp. 206, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2008, ISBN 978-1-4027-6006-8, ... By the third century, the runic alphabet was the only one used in Scandinavia. However, it fell out of use in middle Europe with the expansion of Christianity thanks to the legally enforced preference for Latin. It is interesting that as late as 1611, though people were persecuted and put to death by Christians for using runes, there were still attempts to get runes adopted as the official alphabet of Sweden ...

[ref32ferox-8] ۸.۰ ^۸.۱ ^۸.۲ ^۸.۳ Northern Lore, Eoghan Odinsson, Eoghan Odinsson, pp. 35-36, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4528-5143-3, ... The three best runic rows, and their approximate years of common usage are: (*) Elder Futhark (around 150 to 800 CE), (*) Old English Futhorc (400 to 1100 CE), (*) Younger Futhark (800-1100 CE) ... The Elder Futhark is the oldest form of the runic row, used by Germanic tribes for Northwest Germanic and Migration period of the 2nd to 8th centuries for inscriptions on artifacts such as jewellry, amulets, tools, weapons and runestones. In Scandinavia, the script was simplified to the Younger Futhark from the late 8th century ...

[ref21ragad-9] Runes for Transformation: Using Ancient Symbols to Change Your Life, Kaedrich Olsen, Weiser Books, 2008, ISBN 978-1-57863-425-5, ... The Younger Futhark was used in Scandinavia from about 500 CE until 1639 CE, when it was banned by the church ...

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