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لائسنس –

میں، اس کم دے کاپیرائٹ دا مالک، اس کم نوں اس لائسنس دے مطابق چھاپدا واں:

کاپی کرن، ونڈن تے بدلن دی ایس ڈوکومنٹ ل‏ئی اجازت دتی جاندی اے ایہناں GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 شرطاں نال یا مگروں کسے وی چھپے ورین Free Software Foundation توں بنا کسے انویرینٹ سیکشن دے، ناں فرنٹ کور لکھت تے ناں بیک کور لکھت دے۔ لسنس دی اک کاپی سیکشن وچ ہیگی اے جہدا ناں اے GNU Free Documentation License۔http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.htmlGFDLGNU Free Documentation Licensetruetrue

	ایس فائل نوں کریٹو کامنز Attribution 2.5 پولینڈ لائسنس دتا گیا.
	تہانوں کھلھ اے: حصہ کرنا – کاپی، ونڈنا تے کم بھیجنا فیر رلانا – کم نوں فٹ کرنا تھلے دتیاں شرطاں نال: کس دے ناں – تسیں لازمی ایس کم دے بناں والے بارے دسو جنج اونے آکھیا اے یا جنج لسنس چ آکھیا گیا ہے۔ اکو جہا شئیر کرو۔ – اگر تسیں بدلدے یا ایس کم تے بناندے تے بنن والے کم نوں اینج دے لسنس نال ای ونڈو گے۔
	اس لائسنس دا ٹیگ GFDL دے مطابق اس فائل چ پایا گیا اے licensing update۔http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/CC BY-SA 3.0Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0truetrue

تسیں اپنی مرضی دا لائسنس چݨ سکدے اوہ۔

Map information

This map indicates trading routes used around the 1st century CE centred on the Silk Road. The routes remain largely valid for the period 520 BCE to 500 CE.

Geographical labels for regions are adapted from the Geography of Ptolemy (c. 150 CE), some trading centre names date from later (c. 400 CE). Relying on Ptolemy's names is wrong but neutral.

The following contemporary trading centres (or possible trading centres) are not marked:

Red Sea - Myos Hormos, Berenica, Ptolemais Theron, Adulis, Muza, Ocalis, Aualites, Malao.

Arabia - [South] Saue, Sana, Saphar, Eudaemon Arabia, Cane, Mosyllon, Moscha

Persian Gulf - Asabon, Charax, Gerra, Ommana, Apologos

Persia - Persepolis, Alexandria Areion, Kandahar

Africa - [East Africa/Kush/Axum] Coloe, Axum, Akhmim, Panopolis, Aromaton Emporion, Opone, Sarapion, Dongola. [Mediterranean] Cyrene, Leptis Magna, Carthage, Caesarea, [Beyond map] [East Africa] Juba, Maji, Sennar, [Trans-Saharan] Sijilmassa, Tamanrasset, Murzuk, Tingis.

Europe - Gades (Cadiz), Augusta Treverorum (Trier), Aquileia, Ostia, Athens

India - [Arabian Sea] Horaia, Barbaricum, Barake, Astakapra, Suppara, Kalliena, Semylla, Mandagora, Palaepatmae, Melizeigara, Erannoboas, Byzantion, Naura, Tymdis, [Central] Paethana, Tagara, [South] Muziris, Nelcynda, Bacare, Balita, Colchi, Palaesimundu, [East] Argaru, Poduca, Sopatma.

Silk Road - Ecbatana, Yarkand, Jiaohei, Kitai, Kaifeng. (Note - both summer and winter routes around the Takla Makan are shown)

China - Chengdu, Kunming, Cattgara

South East Asia - Trang, Thaton

The routes between most of these unindicated sites are not marked, notably the extensive European/Roman routes and the other routes in Persia beyond the Silk Road. Another route not indicated is the Scythian route running from China to the Black Sea. The large number not marked on India are the minor sites listed in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.

Origins of trade goods

China - silk, clothing, lacquerware, spices

Indo-China - spices, ivory, timber, pearls

Northern India - precious stones, ivory, tortoiseshell, incense, spices, cloth, timber

Southern India - ivory, tortoiseshell, spices, precious stones, cloth, timber

Arabia - spices, slaves, precious stones

East Africa - gold, ivory, exotic animals, slaves, incense

Trans-Sahara - ivory, gold, slaves

North Africa - grain,

Southern Europe - olive oil, wine, glassware, coinage

Western Europe - silver, tin

Northern Europe - slaves, amber,

Asia Minor - silver, precious stones, timber, wine

Image editing

The source for this PNG was an SVG. This file is available.

from en wp

(del) (cur) 23:55, 30 March 2006 . . TwoOneTwo (Talk) . . 1223x794 (374899 bytes)

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• (cur) (last) 23:55, 30 March 2006 TwoOneTwo