وکیپیڈیا:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)

سانچہ:Style-guideline سانچہ:Style

This page guides the presentation of numbers, dates, times, measurements, currencies, coordinates, and similar material in articles. Its aim is to promote clarity and cohesion; this is especially important within an article. The goal is to make the whole encyclopedia easier and more intuitive to use.

Where this manual provides options, consistency should be maintained within an article unless there is a good reason to do otherwise. The Arbitration Committee has ruled that editors should not change an article from one guideline-defined style to another without a substantial reason unrelated to mere choice of style, and that revert-warring over optional styles is unacceptable.^[۱] If discussion cannot determine which style to use in an article, defer to the style used by the first major contributor.

General notes

Quotations, titles, etc.

ہور دیکھو: WP:MOSQUOTE

Quotations, titles of books and articles, and similar "imported" text should be faithfully reproduced, even if they employ formats or units inconsistent with these guidelines or with other formats in the same article. If necessary, clarify via [bracketed interpolation], article text, or footnotes.

It is acceptable to change other date formats in the same article to provide consistency, so long as those changes would otherwise be acceptable.

Non-breaking spaces

Guidance on the use of non-breaking spaces ("hard spaces") –  ,

{{nbsp}},  ,

{{thinsp}} – is given in some sections below;

{{nowrap}} may also be useful in controlling linebreaks in some situations. Not all situations in which hard spaces or

{{nowrap}} may be appropriate are described. سانچہ:Crossref

Chronological items

Statements likely to become outdated

Shortcuts: WP:DATED WP:EPHEMERAL

ہور دیکھو: Wikipedia:As of تے Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Relative time references

Except on pages updated regularly (e.g. current events), terms such as سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, and سانچہ:!xt should usually be avoided in favor of phrases such as سانچہ:Xt and سانچہ:Xt. For future and current events, use phrases such as سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt to signal the time-dependence of the information. Using {{as of|۲۰۲۴}} will produce the text سانچہ:Xt and adds the article to a category flagging it for periodic review. However, do not replace سانچہ:Xt with {{as of|2005}} because some information (the start of 2005) would be lost; advanced features of

{{as of}} such as {{as of|2005|alt=since the start of 2005}} can be used in such circumstances.

Relative-time expressions are acceptable for very long periods, such as geological epochs: سانچہ:Xt

Time of day

Shortcuts: WP:MOSTIME

Context determines whether the 12- or 24-hour clock is used; in both, colons separate hours, minutes and seconds (e.g. سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt).

12-hour clock times end with dotted or undotted lower-case سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn, or سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn, preceded by a non-breaking space, e.g. سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt (markup: 2:30


{{nbsp}}p.m.

or 2:30

{{nbsp}}pm), not سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt. Hours should not have a leading zero (e.g. سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt). Usually, use سانچہ:Xt and سانچہ:Xt rather than سانچہ:!xt and سانچہ:!xt; whether "midnight" refers to the start or the end of a date should be explicitly specified unless clear from the context.

24-hour clock times have no a.m., p.m., noon or midnight suffix. Hours under 10 should have a leading zero (e.g. سانچہ:Xt). The time سانچہ:Xt refers to midnight at the start of a date, سانچہ:Xt to noon, and سانچہ:Xt to midnight at the end of a date, but سانچہ:!xt should not be used for the first hour of the next day (e.g. use سانچہ:Xt for ten minutes after midnight, not سانچہ:!xt).

The numerical elements of times-of-day are figures (سانچہ:Xt) rather than words (سانچہ:!xt) though conventional terms such as سانچہ:Xt and سانچہ:Xt are acceptable (taking care, with the latter, to avoid possible date ambiguity in constructions such as سانچہ:Xt).

Time zones

Shortcut: WP:TIMEZONE

Give dates and times appropriate to the time zone where an event took place. For example, the date of the attack on Pearl Harbor should be December

7, 1941 (Hawaii time/سانچہ:Zwspdate). Give priority to the place at which the event had its most significant effects; for example, if a hacker based in China attacked a Pentagon computer in the US, use the time zone for the Pentagon, where the attack had its effect. In some cases the best solution may be to add the date and time in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). For example:

• سانچہ:Xt

Alternatively, include just the UTC offset:

• سانچہ:Xt

Rarely, the time zone in which a historical event took place has since changed; for example, China to 1949 was divided into five time zones, whereas all of modern China is UTC+8. Similarly, the term "UTC" is not appropriate for dates before this system was adopted in 1960;^[۲] Universal Time (UT) is the appropriate term for the mean time at the prime meridian (Greenwich) when it is unnecessary to specify the precise definition of the time scale. Be sure to show the UTC or offset appropriate to the clock time in use at the time of the event, not the modern time zone, if they differ.

Dates, months and years

Shortcut:

These requirements do not apply to dates in quotations or titles; سانچہ:Crossref. Special rules apply to citations; سانچہ:Crossref.

Formats

Acceptable date formats
General use	Only where brevity is helpful (refs,^[۳] tables, infoboxes, etc.)	Comments
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:Xt
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:Xt	A comma follows the year unless followed by other punctuation:^[۴] سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Xt
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:Xt	Omit year only where there is no risk of ambiguity: سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Xt
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:Xt
No equivalent for general use	سانچہ:Xt	Use سانچہ:Var-سانچہ:Var-سانچہ:Var format only with Gregorian dates from 1583 onward.^[۵]

Things to avoid

Shortcuts:

An abbreviated month should not be followed by a dot except at the end of a sentence (سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt).^[۶]
Dates should be linked only when they are germane to the subject سانچہ:Crossref.^[۷]
For issues related to dates in sortable tables, سانچہ:Crossref, or consider using

{{sort|2008-11-01|1 Nov 2008}} or

{{dts|Nov 1, 2008}}.

Phrases such as سانچہ:Xt (or سانچہ:Xt, but not سانچہ:!xt), سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt and سانچہ:Xt are proper names, to which rules for dates do not apply (سانچہ:Xt).

Unacceptable date formats (except in external titles and quotes)
Acceptable	Unacceptable	Comments
سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt	Months are capitalized
	سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt	Do not use ordinals (سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, etc.)
	سانچہ:!xt	Do not add a dot to the day
	سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt	Do not "zero-pad" month or day, except in all-numeric (سانچہ:Var-سانچہ:Var-سانچہ:Var) format
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
	سانچہ:!xt	Do not use separators other than hyphen
	سانچہ:!xt	Do not abbreviate year to two digits
	سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt	Do not use سانچہ:Var-سانچہ:Var-سانچہ:Var, سانچہ:Var-سانچہ:Var-سانچہ:Var or سانچہ:Var-سانچہ:Var-سانچہ:Var formats, as they are ambiguous for some dates^[۸]
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt	Do not use these formats. (سانچہ:!xt, in particular, can be mistaken for the range of years 2001–2007.)
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt	No comma between month and year
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt	No comma between month and year
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt	Comma required between day and year
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt	Do not abbreviate freestanding year
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt	Roman numerals are not normally used for dates
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt	Years and days of the month are not normally written in words
سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt	Do not zero-pad years
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt	Use "in the year" only where needed for clarity (سانچہ:Xt)

Consistency

Shortcut:

Dates in article body text should all use the same format: سانچہ:Xt, but not سانچہ:!xt.
Publication dates in an article's citations should all use the same format, which may be:

the format used in the article body text,
an abbreviated format from the , provided the day and month elements are in the same order as in dates in the article body, or
the format expected in the citation style being used (however, all-numeric date formats other than سانچہ:Var-سانچہ:Var-سانچہ:Var must still be avoided).

For example, a single article might contain one, but only one, of:

سانچہ:Xt

(among other possibilities).

Access and archive dates in an article's citations should all use the same format, which may be:

the format used for publication dates in the article;
the format expected in the citation style adopted in the article (e.g. سانچہ:Xt); or
سانچہ:Var-سانچہ:Var-سانچہ:Var

For example, a single article's citations might contain either of the following:

سانچہ:Xt

When a citation style does not expect differing date formats, it is permissible to normalize publication dates to the article body text date format, and/or access/archive dates to either, with date consistency being preferred.

Strong national ties to a topic

Shortcut:

ہور دیکھو: Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Strong national ties to a topic

Articles on topics with strong ties to a particular English-speaking country should generally use the date format most commonly used in that nation. For the United States this is, for example, سانچہ:Xt; for most other nations it is, for example, سانچہ:Xt.
Articles related to Canada may use either format with (as always) consistency within each article.
In some topic areas the customary format differs from the usual national one: for example, articles on the modern U.S. military use day-before-month, in accordance with U.S. military usage.

Retaining existing format

Shortcut:

ہور دیکھو: Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Retaining the existing variety

If an article has evolved using predominantly one format, the whole article should conform to it, unless there are reasons for changing it based on strong national ties to the topic or consensus on the article's talk page.
The date format chosen by the first major contributor in the early stages of an article should continue to be used, unless there is reason to change it based on strong national ties to the topic or consensus on the article's talk page.
Where an article has shown no clear sign of which format is used, the first person to insert a date is equivalent to "the first major contributor".

Era style

Shortcuts: WP:ERA WP:BCE

The default calendar era is the Western Dionysian era system, a year numbering system also known as the Western Christian era (represented by سانچہ:Xt), or the Common Era (represented by سانچہ:Xt).
- سانچہ:Xtn and سانچہ:Xtn are the traditional ways of referring to this era. سانچہ:Xtn and سانچہ:Xtn are common in some scholarly texts and religious writings. Either convention may be appropriate.
  - Do not change the established era style in an article unless there are reasons specific to its content. Seek consensus on the talk page before making the change. Open the discussion under a subhead that uses the word "era". Briefly state why the style is inappropriate for the article in question. A personal or categorical preference for one era style over the other is not justification for making a change.
  - سانچہ:Xtn and سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn and سانچہ:Xtn are written in upper case, unspaced, without a period (full point, .), and separated from the year number by a space (سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt). It is advisable to use a non-breaking space.
  - سانچہ:Xtn may appear before or after a year (سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt); the other abbreviations appear only after (سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt).
  - In general, do not use سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn unless required to avoid ambiguity (e.g. سانچہ:Xt not سانچہ:!xt nor سانچہ:!xt) or awkwardness (سانچہ:Xt not سانچہ:!xt). On the other hand, سانچہ:Xt will avoid unnecessary confusion. Also, in سانچہ:Xt the era marker makes it clear that "55" does not refer to his age. Alternatively, سانچہ:Xt
  - Use either the BC–AD or the BCE–CE notation consistently within the same article. Exception: do not change , titles, etc.
Uncalibrated (bce) radiocarbon dates: Some source materials will indicate whether a date is calibrated or not simply by a change in capitalisation; this is often a source of confusion for the unwary reader. Do not give uncalibrated radiocarbon dates (represented by the lower-case سانچہ:Xt unit, occasionally سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn in some sources), except in directly quoted material, and even then include a footnote, a square-bracketed editor's note [like this], or other indication to the reader what the calibrated date is, or at least that the date is uncalibrated. Calibrated and uncalibrated dates can diverge surprisingly widely, and the average reader does not recognise the distinction between سانچہ:Xtn and سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn.
BP: In scientific and academic contexts, BP (before present) is often used. This is calibrated from January 1, 1950, not from the date of publication, though the latter introduces an insignificant error when the date is distant or an approximation (18,000

BP). BP years are given as سانچہ:Xt or spelled out as سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, or similar). Do not convert other notations to or from BP unless you are certain of what you are doing. A safer and simpler alternative may be to use سانچہ:Xt.

Other era systems may be appropriate in an article. In such cases, dates should be followed by a conversion to Dionysian (or vice versa) and the first instance should be linked: سانچہ:Xt, or سانچہ:Xt.
- Astronomical year numbering follows the Common Era and does not require conversion, but the first instance of a non-positive year should still be linked: سانچہ:Xt

Julian and Gregorian calendars

Shortcuts: WP:OSNS WP:JG

ہور دیکھو: Old Style and New Style dates

A date can be given in any appropriate calendar, as long as it is (at the minimum) given in the Julian calendar or the Gregorian calendar or both, as described below. For example, an article on the early history of Islam may give dates in both Islamic and Julian calendars. Where a calendar other than the Julian or Gregorian is used, the article must make this clear.

Current events are dated using the Gregorian calendar.
Dates of events in countries using the Gregorian calendar at that time are given in the Gregorian calendar. This includes some of the Continent of Europe from 1582, the British Empire from 14

September 1752, and Russia from 14

February 1918 سانچہ:Crossref.

Dates before 15

October 1582 (when the Gregorian calendar was first adopted in some places) are normally given in the Julian calendar. The Julian day and month should not be converted to the Gregorian calendar, but the start of the Julian year should be assumed to be 1

January سانچہ:Crossref.

Dates for Roman history before 45

BC are given in the Roman calendar, which was neither Julian nor Gregorian. When (rarely) the Julian equivalent is certain, it may be included.

For dates in early Egyptian and Mesopotamian history, Julian or Gregorian equivalents are often uncertain. Follow the consensus of reliable sources, or indicate their divergence.

The dating method used should follow that used by reliable secondary sources (or if reliable sources disagree, that used most commonly, with an explanatory footnote).

At some places and times, the new year began on a date other than 1

January. For example, in England and its colonies until 1752, the year began on Annunciation Day, 25

March; سانچہ:Crossref. In writing about historical events, however, years should be assumed to have begun on 1

January سانچہ:Crossref; if there is reason to use another start-of-year date, this should be noted.

If there is a need to mention Old or New Style dates in an article (as in the Glorious Revolution), a footnote should be provided on the first usage, stating whether the New Style refers to a start of year adjustment or to the Gregorian calendar (it can mean either).

Ranges

سانچہ:Anchors

Shortcuts: WP:BORN WP:OTHERDATE WP:DATERANGE

A pure year–year range is written (as is any range) using an en dash (– or

{{ndash}}) not a hyphen or slash; this dash is usually unspaced (that is, with no space on either side); and the range's end year is usually abbreviated to two digits:

• سانچہ:Xt;

سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt;

سانچہ:!xt)

سانچہ:Hanging indent

But both years are given in full in the following cases:

birth–death parentheticals: سانچہ:Xt;

not سانچہ:!xt

different centuries: سانچہ:Xt;

not سانچہ:!xt

starting year before 1000

AD: سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt);

سانچہ:Xt;

سانچہ:Xt

Markup: 1011سانچہ:T922سانچہ:TBC

spanning from BC/BCE to AD/CE: سانچہ:Xt (note spaced en dash)

سانچہ:Hanging indent

Notes:

Periods straddling two different years, including sports seasons, are generally written with the range notation (سانچہ:Xt). The slash notation (سانچہ:Xt) may be used to signify a fiscal year or other special period, if that convention is used in reliable sources.
A date range may appear in سانچہ:Xt format if it is a range of sports seasons.^[۹] This format is also indicated for date ranges appearing in reference citations if any dates (of publication, access, archival) are in سانچہ:Var-سانچہ:Var-سانچہ:Var format, because the range in question could thus be easily mistaken for a سانچہ:Var-سانچہ:Var date: سانچہ:Xt but not سانچہ:!xt Another case is in tables (and lists the items of which begin with date ranges) in which some but not all date ranges span a century (sortability of a date column in a table also requires a consistent format for all entries: 2005–07 will unintentionally sort before 2005–2006).

Other "pure" ranges use an unspaced en dash as well:

day–day: سانچہ:Xt;

سانچہ:Xt;

سانچہ:Xt

month–month: سانچہ:Xt;

سانچہ:Xt;

(but سانچہ:Xt uses a spaced en dash; سانچہ:Crossref)

If at least one of the items on either side of the en dash is in a mixed format (containing two or more of day, month, year); carries a modifier such as ت.; or otherwise contains a space; then a spaced en dash (

{{snd}}) is used:

between specific dates in different months: سانچہ:Xt;

سانچہ:Xt

between dates in different years:

سانچہ:Xt

سانچہ:Hanging indent

سانچہ:Xt

between months in different years: سانچہ:Xt;

سانچہ:Xt

سانچہ:Hanging indent

For a person still living: سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt
An overnight period may be expressed using a slash between two contiguous dates: سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt.

Or use an en dash: (unspaced) سانچہ:Xt;

(spaced) سانچہ:Xt.

Use a dash, or a word such as سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn, but not both: سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt);

سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt)

The

{{Age}} template can keep ages current in infoboxes and so on:

• {{age|1989|7|23}} returns: سانچہ:Xt

• {{age|1989|7|23}}-year-old returns: سانچہ:Xt

• {{age|1989|7|23}} years old returns: سانچہ:Xt

Date mathematics templates are available for other age calculations

Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates

Shortcut: WP:APPROXDATE

To indicate "around", "approximately", or "about", the use of the spaced, unitalicised form سانچہ:Xt (or the

{{circa}} template) is preferred over سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, or سانچہ:!xt:

• سانچہ:Xt

Where both endpoints of a range are approximate, c. should appear before each date:

• سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt)

Where birth/death dates have been extrapolated from known dates of activity:

• سانچہ:Xt

When a person is known to have been active ("flourishing") during certain years, سانچہ:Xt, [[Floruit|fl.]], or

{{fl.}} may be used:

• سانچہ:Xt

The linked forms should not be used on disambiguation pages, and "active" followed by the range is a better alternative for artists, soldiers and other persons with an occupation.

When a date is known to be either of two years (e.g. from a regnal or AH year conversion, or a known age at death):

• سانچہ:Xt

Other forms of uncertainty should be expressed in words, either in article text or in a footnote: سانچہ:Xt. Do not use a question mark (سانچہ:!xt) for such purposes, as this fails to communicate the nature of the uncertainty.

Other

Days of the week

Days of the week are capitalized (سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt).

Seasons

Shortcuts: WP:SEASON

Seasons are uncapitalized (سانچہ:Xt) except when personified: سانچہ:Xt; سانچہ:Xt.
Using seasons to refer to a particular time of year (سانچہ:!xt) is ambiguous, because Northern and Southern Hemisphere seasons are six months out of phase, and many areas near the equator instead have wet and dry seasons. Consider alternative phrasing: سانچہ:Xt;

سانچہ:Xt;

سانچہ:Xt.

However, using seasons is appropriate when referring to seasonal events: سانچہ:Xt;

سانچہ:Xt.

Decades

Shortcuts: WP:DECADE

To refer to a decade as a chronological period per se (not with reference to a social era or cultural phenomenon) always use four digits (سانچہ:Xt, but not سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt, and definitely not سانچہ:!xt).

Prefixes should be hyphenated (سانچہ:Xt;

سانچہ:Xt).

For a social era or cultural phenomenon associated with a particular decade:

Two digits (with a preceding apostrophe) may be used as an alternative to four digits, but only if this is a well-established phrase seen in reliable sources (سانچہ:Xt,

سانچہ:Xt,

سانچہ:Xt, but سانچہ:Xt, and do not write سانچہ:!xt;

سانچہ:!xt;

or سانچہ:!xt).

A third alternative (where seen in reliable sources) is to spell the decade out, capitalized: سانچہ:Xt

Centuries and millennia

Shortcuts: WP:CENTURY WP:MILLENNIUM

Treat the 1st century AD as years 1–100, the 17th century as 1601–1700, and the second millennium as 1001–2000; similarly, the 1st century BC/BCE was 100–1 BC/BCE, the 17th century was 1700–1601 BC/BCE, and the second millennium 2000–1001 BC/BCE.
- The 18th century (1701–1800) and the 1700s (1700–1799) are not the same period.
- When using forms such as سانچہ:Xt ensure there is no ambiguity as to whether e.g. 1700–1709 or 1700–1799, is meant.
- Note that the sequence of years runs سانچہ:Xt – there is no "year 0".
Centuries and millennia are identified using either figures (سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt) or words (سانچہ:Xt). When used adjectivally they contain a hyphen (سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt). Do not capitalize (سانچہ:!xt;

سانچہ:!xt).

سانچہ:Crossref

Long periods of time

When the term is frequent, combine سانچہ:Xtn (years) or سانچہ:Xtn (years ago) with سانچہ:Xtn (thousand): سانچہ:Xtn, سانچہ:Xtn; سانچہ:Xtn (million): سانچہ:Xtn, سانچہ:Xtn; and سانچہ:Xtn (short-scale billion): سانچہ:Xtn, سانچہ:Xtn. سانچہ:Crossref
In academic contexts, SI annus-based units are often used: سانچہ:Xtn (kiloannus), سانچہ:Xtn (megaannus), and سانچہ:Xtn (gigaannus). سانچہ:Crossref
Show the meaning parenthetically, and consider linking to the appropriate section of the Year article سانچہ:Crossref on first occurrence and where the use is a standalone topic of interest. In source quotations, use square brackets: سانچہ:Xt

Numbers

Numbers as figures or words

Shortcuts: WP:NUMERAL WP:SPELL09

سانچہ:Crossref

Generally, in article text:

Integers from zero to nine are spelled out in words
Integers greater than nine expressible in one or two words may be expressed either in numerals or in words (سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt). In spelling out numbers, components from 21 to 99 are hyphenated; larger ones are not (سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt).
Other numbers are given in numerals (سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt) or in forms such as سانچہ:Xt. Markup: 21{{nbsp}}million

"billion" and "trillion" are understood to represent their short-scale values of 10⁹

(1,000,000,000) and 10¹²

(1,000,000,000,000), respectively. Keep this in mind when translating articles from non-English Wikipedias, or using material from non-English sources.

سانچہ:Xt (unspaced) or سانچہ:Xt (unspaced) respectively may be used for "million" or "billion" after a number, when the word has been spelled out at the first occurrence (e.g., سانچہ:Xt).
SI prefixes and symbols, such as سانچہ:Xtn (سانچہ:Xtn) and سانچہ:Xtn (سانچہ:Xtn), should be restricted to use in scientific and engineering expressions.
Sometimes, the variety of English used in an article may necessitate the use of a numbering system other than the Western thousands-based system. For example, the South Asian numbering system is conventionally used in South Asian English. In those situations, link the first spelled-out instance of each quantity (e.g. [[crore]], which yields crore). (If no instances are spelled out, provide a note after the first instance directing the reader to the article about the numbering system.) Also, provide a conversion to Western numbers for the first instance of each quantity, and provide conversions for subsequent instances if they do not overwhelm the content of the article. For example, write سانچہ:Xt. Group digits in Western thousands-based style (e.g., سانچہ:Xt; not سانچہ:!xt); سانچہ:Crossref. (Note that the variety of English does not uniquely determine the method of numbering in an article. Other considerations, such as conventions used in mathematics, science and engineering, may also apply, and the choice and order of formats and conversions is a matter of editorial discretion and consensus.)

Shortcut: WP:NUMNOTES

Notes and exceptions:

In tables and infoboxes, quantities are expressed in figures (سانچہ:Xt); but numbers within a table's explanatory text and comments follow the general rule.
Numbers in mathematical formulae are never spelled out (سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt).
Comparable quantities should be all spelled out or all in figures:

• سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt.

• سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt

• سانچہ:Xt (even though "3" would normally be given as "three") or سانچہ:Xt (or "two hundred and six" for British English, even though "two hundred six" would normally be given as "206"), not سانچہ:!xt.

But adjacent quantities not comparable should usually be in different formats: سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt.

Avoid awkward juxtapositions: سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt

Personal ages are typically stated in figures (سانچہ:Xt) except for large, approximate values (سانچہ:Xt).
Sometimes figures and words carry different meanings; for example سانچہ:Xt implies there is a single exception (we don't know which), while سانچہ:Xt means that only locker number 1 was not searched.
Proper names, technical terms, and the like are never altered: سانچہ:Xt;

سانچہ:Xt;

سانچہ:Xt

Avoid beginning a sentence with figures:

• Not سانچہ:!xt, but سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt.

• Not سانچہ:!xt (nor سانچہ:!xt – because comparable numbers should be both written in words or both in figures) but سانچہ:Xt

Exception: Where a proper name, technical term, etc., itself beginning with a numeral, opens the sentence (سانچہ:Xt) although this can usually be avoided by rewording (سانچہ:Xt).

Shortcuts: WP:ORDINAL

Ordinals

Ordinal suffixes suffixes (سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt) are not superscripted (سانچہ:Xt and سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt nor سانچہ:!xt).
Regnal numbers are normally written with roman numerals (without suffix, e.g. سانچہ:Xt not سانچہ:!xt).
Do not use a dot (سانچہ:!xt) or the ordinal mark (سانچہ:!xt) to indicate ordinals.

Fractions

Shortcut:

Spelled-out fractions are hyphenated: سانچہ:Xt.
Where numerator and denominator can each be expressed in one word, a fraction is usually spelled out (e.g. سانچہ:Xt;

سانچہ:Xt); use figures if a fraction appears with a symbol (e.g. سانچہ:Xt – markup:

{{frac}} mi, not سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt).

Mixed numbers are usually given in figures, unspaced (not سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt but سانچہ:Xt – markup: {{frac|8|1|2}}). In any case the integer and fractional parts should be consistent (not سانچہ:!xt).
Metric (SI) measurements generally use decimals, not fractions (سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt).
Non-metric (imperial and US customary) measurements may use fractions or decimals (سانچہ:Xt;

سانچہ:Xt); the practice of reliable sources should be followed, and within-article consistency is desirable.

In science and mathematics articles mixed numbers are rarely used (not سانچہ:!xt, but سانچہ:Xt) and use of

{{frac}} is discouraged in favor of one of these styles:

•

\textstyle {\frac {1}{2}}

– markup: <math>\textstyle\frac{1}{2}</math>

• سانچہ:Xt – markup:

• سانچہ:Xt – markup: 1/2

Do not use special characters such as ½ (Deprecated markup: ½ or ½).
Ordinal suffixes such as سانچہ:Xtn should not be used with fractions expressed in figures (not سانچہ:!xt, but سانچہ:Xt).
Nouns following simple fractions are singular (سانچہ:Xt,

سانچہ:Xt,

سانچہ:Xt).

Nouns following mixed numbers are plural (سانچہ:Xt,

سانچہ:Xt).

Decimals

Shortcuts: WP:DECIMAL

A period/full point (.), never a comma, is used as the decimal point (سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt).
Numbers between −1 and +1 require a leading zero (سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt); exceptions are sporting performance averages (سانچہ:Xt) and commonly used terms such as سانچہ:Xt.
Nouns following a number expressed as a decimal are plural (سانچہ:Xt).
Indicate repeating digits with an overbar e.g. 14.31{{overline|28}} gives سانچہ:Xt. (Consider explaining this notation on first use.) Do not write e.g. سانچہ:!xt because it resembles notations for سانچہ:Section link.

Grouping of digits

Shortcuts: WP:DIGITS

Digits should be grouped and separated either by commas or narrow gaps (never a period/full point).

Grouping with commas

Left of the decimal point, five or more digits are grouped into threes separated by commas (e.g. سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt).
Numbers with exactly four digits left of the decimal point may optionally be grouped (either سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt), provided that this is consistent within each article.
When commas are used left of the decimal point, digits right of the decimal point are not grouped (i.e. should be given as an unbroken string).
Markup: {{formatnum:}} produces this formatting.

Grouping with narrow gaps

Digits are grouped both sides of the decimal point (e.g. سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt).
Digits are generally grouped into threes. Right of the decimal point, usual practice is to have a final group of four instead of a lone digit (e.g. سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt). In mathematics-oriented articles long strings may be grouped into fives (e.g. سانچہ:Xt).
This style is especially recommended for articles related to science, technology, engineering or mathematics.
Markup: Templates

{{val}} or

{{gaps}} may be used to produce this formatting. Note that use of any space character in numbers, including non-breaking space, is problematic for screen readers. سانچہ:Crossref Screen readers read out each group of digits as separate numbers (e.g. 30 000 is read as "thirty zero zero zero".)

Delimiting style should be consistent throughout a given article.

Either use commas or narrow gaps, but not both in the same article.
Either group the thousands in a four-digit number or do not, but not mixed use in the same article.
However, grouping by threes and fives may coexist.

An exception is made for four-digit page numbers or four-digit calendar years. These should never be grouped (not سانچہ:!xt, though سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt).

Percentages

Shortcuts: WP:PERCENT WP:%

In the body of non-scientific/non-technical articles, سانچہ:Xtn (American English) or سانچہ:Xtn (British English) are commonly used: سانچہ:Xt; سانچہ:Xt; سانچہ:Xt. Ranges are written سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt.
In the body of scientific/سانچہ:Zwsptechnical articles, and in tables and infoboxes of any article, the symbol % (unspaced) is more common: سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt. Ranges: سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt.
When expressing the difference between two percentages, do not confuse a percentage change with a change in percentage points.

Scientific and engineering notation

Scientific notation always has a single nonzero digit to the left of the point: not سانچہ:!xt, but سانچہ:Xt.
Engineering notation is similar, but adjusted so that the exponent is a multiple of three: سانچہ:Xt.
Avoid mixing scientific and engineering notations (سانچہ:!xt).
In a table column (or other presentation) in which all values can be expressed with a single power of 10, consider giving e.g. سانچہ:Xt once in the column header, and omitting it in the individual entries. (Markup: {{e|7}})
In both notations, the number of digits indicates the precision. For example, سانچہ:Xt means rounded to the nearest thousand; سانچہ:Xt to the nearest hundred; سانچہ:Xt to the nearest ten; and سانچہ:Xt to the nearest unit.

Markup:

{{val}} and

{{e}} may be used to format exponential notation.

Uncertainty and rounding

Shortcuts:

Where explicit uncertainty information (such as a margin of error) is available and appropriate for inclusion, it may be written in various ways:

• سانچہ:Xt

• سانچہ:Xt (not used with scientific notation)

• سانچہ:Xt

• سانچہ:Xt (equivalent to سانچہ:Xt)^[۱۰]

• سانچہ:Xt

Markup:

{{+-}},

{{su}}, and

{{val}} may be used to format uncertainties.

Where explicit uncertainty is unavailable (or is unimportant for the article's purposes) round to an appropriate number of significant digits; the precision presented should usually be conservative. Precise values (often given in sources for formal or matter-of-record reasons) should be used only where stable and appropriate to the context, or significant in themselves for some special reason.

• سانچہ:Xt

but سانچہ:Xt

• سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt – an official figure unlikely to be accurate at full precision)

but سانچہ:Xt (unusual case in which the full-precision official population figure is helpful to readers)

• سانچہ:Xt (likely that accurate and precise figures were determined)

• سانچہ:Xt (unlikely that any precise number can be accurate, even if an official figure is issued)

or سانچہ:Xt (in reporting conflicting information, give detail sufficient to make the contrast intelligible)

• سانچہ:Xt (where the actual figure was $8,462,247.63) سانچہ:Xt

The number of decimal places should be consistent within a list or context (سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt), unless different precisions are actually intended.
It may sometimes be appropriate to note the lack of uncertainty information, especially where such information is normally provided and necessary for full interpretation of the figures supplied.

• سانچہ:Xt

The

{{undue precision}} template may be added to figures appearing to be overprecise.

Avoid using "approximately", "about", and similar terms with figures that have merely been approximated or rounded in a normal and expected way, unless the reader might otherwise be misled.

• سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt – heights are conventionally reported only to the nearest inch, even though greater precision may be available in principle)

but سانچہ:Xt ("about" because here the precise value is unknown, with substantial uncertainty)

The reader may be assumed to interpret large round numbers (سانچہ:Xt) as approximations. Writing a quantity in words (سانچہ:Xt) can further emphasize its approximate nature.

سانچہ:Crossref

Non-base-10 notations

Shortcuts:

In computer-related articles, use the C programming language prefixes 0x (zero-ex) for hexadecimal and 0 (zero) for octal. For binary, use 0b. Explain these prefixes in the article's introduction or on first use.
In all other articles, use <sub> to create subscripts: سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt. Markup: سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt
For bases above 10, use symbols conventional for that base (as seen in reliable sources) e.g. for base 16 use 0–9A–F.

Units of measurement

Shortcuts: WP:UNIT WP:UNITS WP:METRIC WP:MEASUREMENT

Unit choice and order

سانچہ:Crossref

Quantities are typically expressed using an appropriate "primary unit", displayed first, followed, when appropriate, by a conversion in parentheses e.g. سانچہ:Xt. For details on when and how to provide a conversion, see the section سانچہ:Section link. The choice of primary units depends on the circumstances, and should respect the principle of "strong national ties", where applicable:

In non-scientific articles relating to the United States, the primary units are US customary, e.g. سانچہ:Xt.
In non-scientific articles relating to the United Kingdom, the primary units for most quantities are metric or other internationally used units,^[۱۱] except that:
- UK engineering-related articles, including those on bridges and tunnels, generally use the system of units that the topic was drawn up in (but road distances are given in imperial units, with a metric conversion – see next bullet);
- the primary units for distance/سانچہ:Zwsplength, speed and fuel consumption are miles, miles per hour, and miles per imperial gallon (except for short distances or lengths, where miles are too large for practical use);
- the primary units for personal height and weight are feetسانچہ:Zwsp/inches and stones/سانچہ:Zwsppounds;
- imperial pints are used for quantities of draught beer/سانچہ:Zwspcider and bottled milk;
In all other articles, the primary units chosen will be SI units, non-SI units officially accepted for use with the SI, or such other units as are conventional in reliable-source discussions of the article topic (such as revolutions per minute (rpm) for angular speed, hands for heights of horses, et cetera).

Special considerations:

Quantities set via definition (as opposed to measured quantities) should be given first in the units used in the definition, even if this makes the structure of presentation inconsistent: سانچہ:Xt.
- This may benefit from a slightly non-standard structure, such as سانچہ:Xt. In this sort of case, using سانچہ:Xtn can help make clear which is the statutory, exact value.
Nominal quantities (e.g. سانچہ:Xt) require consideration of whether the article is concerned with the item's actual dimensions or merely with its function. In some cases only the nominal quantity may suffice; in others it may be necessary to give the nominal size (often in non-SI units), the actual size in non-SI units, and the actual size in SI units.
Whenever a conversion is used, ensure that the precision of the converted quantity in the article is comparable to the precision of the value given by the source سانچہ:Crossref.
Where the article's primary units differ from the units given in the source, the

{{convert}} template's |order=flip flag can be used; this causes the original unit to be shown as secondary in the article, and the converted unit to be shown as primary: {{convert|200|mi|km|order=flip}} → سانچہ:Xt

Unit names and symbols

Definitions:

Examples of unit names: foot, meter, kilometer.
Examples of unit symbols: ft, m, km.

Unit names and symbols should follow the practice of reliable sources.
In prose, unit names should be given in full if used only a few times, but symbols may be used when a unit (especially one with a long name) is used repeatedly, after spelling out the first use (e.g. سانچہ:Xt).

Certain unit names (e.g. سانچہ:Xt) need never be written in full unless required stylistically (سانچہ:Xt).

Where space is limited, such as in tables, infoboxes, parenthetical notes, and mathematical formulas, unit symbols are preferred.
Units unfamiliar to general readers should be presented as a name–symbol pair on first use, linking the unit name (سانچہ:Xt).
Ranges use unspaced en dash (

{{ndash}}) if only one unit symbol is used at the end (e.g. سانچہ:Xt), and spaced en dash (

{{snd}}) if two symbols are used (e.g. سانچہ:Xt); ranges in prose may be specified using either unit symbol or unit names, and units may be stated either after both numerical values or after the last (e.g. سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt and سانچہ:Xt are all acceptable).

Length–width, length–width–height and similar dimensions may be separated by the multiplication sign (×) or the word سانچہ:Xtn.
- With the multiplication sign, each number should be followed by a unit name or symbol (if appropriate):

• سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt , سانچہ:!xt nor سانچہ:!xt

• سانچہ:Xt

With سانچہ:Xtn, the unit need be given only once: سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt
The unspaced letter سانچہ:Xt may be used in common terms such as سانچہ:Xt.

General guidelines on unit names and symbols
Aspect	Guideline	Acceptable	Unacceptable
Spelling	The spelling of certain unit names (some of which are listed in سانچہ:Section link, below) varies with the variety of English followed by the article.
Format	Do not spell out numbers before unit symbols ...	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
	... but words or numerals may be used with unit names.	سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Xt
	Values not accompanied by units are usually given in figures.	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
	Write unit names and symbols in upright (roman) type, except where emphasizing in context.	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt
	Unit names are given in lower case except: in places where any word would be capitalسانچہ:Shyized; where otherwise specified in the SI brochure;^[۱۲] where otherwise specified in this Manual of Style.سانچہ:Clarify	سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
	Except as listed in the "Specific units" table below, unit symbols are uncapiسانچہ:Shytal سانچہ:Shyized unless they are derived from a proper name, in which case the first letter (of the base unit symbol, not of any prefix) is capitalized.^[۱۳]	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
	Unit symbols are undotted.	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
	Except as shown in the "Specific units" table below, a space appears between a numeric value and a unit name or symbol. In the case of unit symbols, ` ` (or {{nowrap}}سانچہ:Px1) should be used to prevent linebreak.	سانچہ:Xt Markup: `29 kg`	سانچہ:!xt
	To form a value and a unit name into a compound adjective use a hyphen or hyphens ...	سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Xt
	... but a non-breaking space (never hyphen) separates a value and unit symbol.	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
Plurals	SI unit names are pluralized by adding the appropriate سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt suffix ...	سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt
	... except for these irregular forms.	سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt
	Some non-SI units have irregular plurals.	سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
	Some non-SI units have irregular plurals.	سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt (unusual)	سانچہ:!xt
	Unit symbols (in any system) are identical in singular and plural.	سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
Powers	Format exponents using `<sup>...</sup>`, not special characters.	سانچہ:Xt Markup: `km<sup>2</sup>`	Deprecated markup: ~~`km²`~~
	Or use سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn (after the unit being modified).	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
	For areas or volumes only, سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn may be used (before the unit being modified).	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt
	سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn may be used with US customary or imperial units, but not with SI units.	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
Products	Indicate a product of unit names with either a hyphen or a space.	سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt
	Indicate a product of unit symbols with `·` or ` ` (Note: {{middot}} is not equivalent to `·`.)	سانچہ:Xt = millisecond سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt = metre-second
	Exception: In some topic areas such as power engineerسانچہ:Shying, certain products take neither space nor `·`. Follow the practice of reliable sources in the article's topic area.	[[watt hour\|سانچہ:Xt]], [[volt ampere\|سانچہ:Xt]], [[ampere hour\|سانچہ:Xt]] سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt
	To pluralize a product of unit names, pluralize only the final unit. (Unit symbols are never pluralized.)	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
Ratios, Rates, Densities	Indicate a ratio of unit names with سانچہ:Xtn.	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
	Indicate a ratio of unit symbols with a forward slash (`/`), followed by either a single symbol or a parenthesized product of symbols – do not use multiple slashes; or use ⁻¹, ⁻², etc.	سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt
	To pluralize a ratio of unit names, pluralize only the numerator unit. (Unit symbols are never pluralized.)	سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Xt
	Some of the special forms used in the imperial and US customary systems are shown here ...	سانچہ:Xt = miles per hour سانچہ:Xt = miles per gallon سانچہ:Xt = pounds per square inch
	... but only the slash or negative exponent notations are used with SI (and other metric) units.	سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
Prefixes	Prefixes should not be separated by a space or hyphen.	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt
	Prefixes are added without contraction, except as shown here:	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
	The سانچہ:Xtn, سانچہ:Xtn, سانچہ:Xtn, and سانچہ:Xtn prefixes should generally be avoided; exceptions include centimetre, decibel, hectolitre, hectare, and hectopascal.	سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
	Do not use [[wikt:M#Number\|سانچہ:!xt]] for 10³, سانچہ:!xt for 10⁶, or سانچہ:!xt for 10⁹ (except as noted elsewhere on this page for سانچہ:Xtn and سانچہ:Xtn, e.g. for monetary values)	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
Mixed units	Mixed units are traditionally used with the imperial and US customary systems …	سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Xt
		سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Xt
	... and in expressing time durations ...	سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Xt ^{[note ۱]} سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt
	… but are not normally used in SI.	سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
	No comma.	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt

Note to table:

↑ Only use this format if it is clear from the context whether this means hours and minutes (H:MM) or minutes and seconds (M:SS).

Specific units

The following table lists only units that need special attention.
The SI Brochure^[۱۲] should be consulted for guidance on use of other SI and non-SI units.

Guidelines on specific units
Group	Name	Symbol	Comment
Length, Speed	inch	سانچہ:Xt	Do not use `′` (`سانچہ:!xt`), `″` (`سانچہ:!xt`), apostrophe/سانچہ:Zwspsingle quote (`سانچہ:!xt`) or double quote (`سانچہ:!xt`)
	foot	سانچہ:Xt
	foot per second	سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt)
	hand	سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt	Equal to 4 inches; used in measurement of horses. A dot may be followed by additional inches e.g. سانچہ:Xt indicates 16 hands 2 inches.
	knot	سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt)
	metre meter (U.S.)	سانچہ:Xt
	micron	سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt)	Markup: `μm` Link to Micrometre (for which micron is a synonym) on first use.
	astronomical unit	سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt)	سانچہ:Xtn is the most commonly used unit symbol for the astronomical unit, both in popular and professional astronomical articles, and is hence also used on Wikipedia, although some organizations, including the BIPM^[۱۲] and IAU,^[۱۴] recommend سانچہ:Xtn.
	mile	سانچہ:Xt	In nautical and aeronautical contexts use سانچہ:Xt rather than mile to avoid confusion with nautical mile.
	mile per hour	سانچہ:Xt
	nautical mile	سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt)
Volume, Flow	cubic centimetre cubic centimeter (U.S.)	سانچہ:Xt	Markup: `cm<sup>3</sup>`
	cubic centimetre cubic centimeter (U.S.)	سانچہ:Xt	Non-SI symbol used for certain engine displacements; link to Cubic centimetre on first use.
	imperial fluid ounce	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn (or سانچہ:Xtn) must be specified; سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn must be specified, except with gallon. (Without سانچہ:Xtn, ounce is ambiguous – versus avoirdupois ounce or troy ounce – and US pint or US quart are ambiguous – versus US dry pint or US dry quart.)
	imperial fluid pint	سانچہ:Xt
	imperial fluid quart	سانچہ:Xt
	imperial gallon	سانچہ:Xt
	US fluid ounce	سانچہ:Xt
	US fluid pint	سانچہ:Xt
	US fluid quart	سانچہ:Xt
	US gallon	سانچہ:Xt
	cubic foot	سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt)	Write سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt.
	cubic foot per second	سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt)
	litre liter (U.S.)	سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt	The symbol l in isolation (i.e. not in such forms as ml) is easily mistaken for the digit 1 or the capital letter I.
Mass, Force, Density, Pressure	long ton	سانچہ:Xt	Spell out in full.
	short ton	سانچہ:Xt	Spell out in full.
	pound per square inch	سانچہ:Xt
	tonne metric ton (U.S.)	سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt)
	troy ounce	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn must be specified. Articles about precious metals, black powder, and gemstones should always specify whether ounces and pounds are avoirdupois or troy.
	troy pound	سانچہ:Xt
	carat	سانچہ:Xt	Used to express masses of gemstones and pearls.
Purity	carat or karat	سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt	A measure of purity for gold alloys. (Do not confuse with the unit of mass with the same spelling.)
Time	second	سانچہ:Xt	Do not use `′` (سانچہ:!xt), `″` (سانچہ:!xt), apostrophe (سانچہ:!xt) or quote (سانچہ:!xt) for minutes or seconds. Use سانچہ:Xtn for "minute" only where there is no danger of confusion with meter, as in the hours–minutes–seconds formats for time durations described in the Unit names and symbols table.
	minute	سانچہ:Xt
	hour	سانچہ:Xt
	year	سانچہ:Xt	Use سانچہ:Xtn only with an SI prefix mulitplier (سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt).
	year	سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:Crossref
Information, Data	bit	سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt)	سانچہ:Crossref
	byte	سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt)
	bit per second	سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt)
	byte per second	سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt)
Angle
	arcminute	سانچہ:Xt	Prime: ′. Markup: `′` (not apostrophe/سانچہ:Zwspsingle quote سانچہ:!xt). No space between numerals and symbol (سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt)
	arcsecond	سانچہ:Xt	Double prime: ″. Markup: `″` (not double-quote سانچہ:!xt). No space between numerals and symbol (سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt)
	degree	سانچہ:Xt	Markup: `°` (not masculine ordinal سانچہ:!xt or ring سانچہ:!xt ). No space between numerals and symbol (سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt)
Temperature	degree	سانچہ:Xt	Markup: `°`. Nonbreaking space ( {{nbsp}}) between numerals and symbol (سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt; سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt, nor سانچہ:!xt)
Temperature	degree Celsius (not degree centigrade)	سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt)
Energy	calorie small calorie gram calorie	سانچہ:Xt	In certain subject areas, calorie is conventionسانچہ:Shyally used alone. Articles following this practice should specify on first use whether the use refers to the small calorie or to the kilocalorie (large calorie). Providing conversions to SI units (usually calories to joules or kilocalories to kilojoules) may also be useful. A kilocalorie (سانچہ:Xt) is 1000 calories. A calorie (small calorie) is the amount of energy required to heat 1 gram of water by 1 °C. A kilocalorie is therefore also a kilogram calorie.
Energy	kilocalorie large calorie kilogram calorie (not Calorie – can be ambiguous)	سانچہ:Xt

Quantities of bytes and bits

Shortcut: WP:COMPUNITS

In quantities of bits and bytes, the prefixes سانچہ:Xtn (symbol سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn), سانچہ:Xtn (سانچہ:Xtn), سانچہ:Xtn (سانچہ:Xtn), سانچہ:Xtn (سانچہ:Xtn), etc., are ambiguous. They may be based on a decimal system (like the standard SI prefixes), meaning 10³, 10⁶, 10⁹, 10¹², etc., or they may be based on a binary system, meaning 2¹⁰, 2²⁰, 2³⁰, 2⁴⁰, etc. The binary meanings are more commonly used in relation to solid-state memory (such as RAM), while the decimal meanings are more common for data transmission rates, disk storage and in theoretical calculations in modern academic textbooks. سانچہ:Bit and byte prefixes Follow these recommendations when using these prefixes in Wikipedia articles:

Following the SI standard, a lower-case سانچہ:Xt should be used for "kilo-" whenever it means 1000 in computing contexts, whereas a capital سانچہ:Xt should be used instead to indicate the binary prefix for 1024 according to JEDEC. (If, under the exceptions detailed further below, the article otherwise uses IEC prefixes for binary units, use سانچہ:Xt instead).
Do not assume that the binary or decimal meaning of prefixes will be obvious to everyone. Explicitly specify the meaning of k and K as well as the primary meaning of M, G, T, etc. in an article (

{{BDprefix}} is a convenient helper). Consistency within each article is desirable, but the need for consistency may be balanced with other considerations.

The definition most relevant to the article should be chosen as primary for that article, e.g. specify a binary definition in an article on RAM, decimal definition in an article on hard drives, bit rates, and a binary definition for Windows file sizes, despite files usually being stored on hard drives.
Where consistency is not possible, specify wherever there is a deviation from the primary definition.
Disambiguation should be shown in bytes or bits, with clear indication of whether in binary or decimal base. There is no preference in the way to indicate the number of bytes and bits, but the notation style should be consistent within an article. Acceptable examples include:

• سانچہ:Xt

Avoid inconsistent combinations such as سانچہ:!xt. Footnotes, such as those seen in Power Macintosh 5500, may be used for disambiguation.
Unless explicitly stated otherwise, one byte is eight bits سانچہ:Crossref.

The IEC prefixes سانچہ:Xtn (symbol سانچہ:Xtn), سانچہ:Xtn (سانچہ:Xtn), سانچہ:Xtn (سانچہ:Xtn), etc., are generally not to be used except:^[۱۵]

when the majority of cited sources on the article topic use IEC prefixes;
in a direct quote using the IEC prefixes;
when explicitly discussing the IEC prefixes; or
in articles in which both types of prefix are used with neither clearly primary, or in which converting all quantities to one or the other type would be misleading or lose necessary precision, or declaring the actual meaning of a unit on each use would be impractical.

Unit conversions

Shortcuts: WP:MOSCONVERSIONS

Where English-speaking countries use different units for the same quantity, follow the "primary" quantity with a conversion in parentheses: سانچہ:Xt; سانچہ:Xt. In science-related articles, however, supplying such conversion is not required unless there is some special reason to do so.

Where an imperial unit is not part of the US customary system, or vice-versa – and in particular, where those systems give a single term different definitions – a double conversion may be appropriate: سانچہ:Xt (markup: {{convert|80|kg|lb stlb}}); سانچہ:Xt (markup: {{convert|5|L/100km|mpgus mpgimp|abbr=on}}).
Generally, conversions to and from metric units and US or imperial units should be provided, except:
- When inserting a conversion would make a common or linked expression awkward (سانچہ:Xt).
- When units are part of the subject of a topic – nautical miles in articles about the history of nautical law (سانچہ:Xt), SI units in scientific articles (سانچہ:Xt), yards in articles about American football – it can be excessive to provide conversions every time a unit occurs. It might be best to note that this topic will use the units (possibly giving the conversion factor to another familiar unit in a parenthetical note or a footnote), and link the first occurrence of each unit but not give a conversion every time it occurs.
Converted quantity values should use a level of precision similar to that of the source quantity value, so سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt. Small numbers may need to be converted to a range where rounding would cause a significant distortion, so سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt. Be careful especially when your source has already converted from the units you're now converting back to. This may be evidenced by multiples of common conversion factors in the data, such as 160 km (from 100 miles). سانچہ:Crossref
Conversion templates can be used to convert and format many common units, including

{{convert}}, which includes non-breaking spaces.

In a direct quotation, always retain the source units. Any conversions can be supplied either in the quote itself (in square brackets, following the original measurement) or in a footnote. سانچہ:Crossref

{{Units attention}} may be added to articles needing general attention regarding choice of units and unit conversions.

Currencies and monetary values

Shortcuts: WP:$ WP:£ WP:€

ہور دیکھو: Wikipedia:WikiProject Numismatics/Style#Article titles

Choice of currency

In country-specific articles, such as Economy of Australia, use the currency of the subject country.
In non-country-specific articles such as Wealth, use US dollars (سانچہ:Xt), euros (سانچہ:Xt), or pounds sterling (سانچہ:Xt).

Currency names

Do not capitalize the names of currencies, currency subdivisions, coins and banknotes except e.g. at the start of a sentence.
To pluralize سانچہ:Xtn use the standard English plurals (سانچہ:Xt), not the invariant plurals used for European Union legislation and banknotes (سانچہ:!xt). For the adjectival form, use a hyphenated singular: (سانچہ:Xt).
Link the first occurrence of lesser-known currencies (سانچہ:Xt).

Currency symbols

In general, the first mention of a particular currency should use its full, unambiguous signifier (e.g. سانچہ:Xt), with subsequent references using just the appropriate symbol (e.g. سانچہ:Xt), unless this would be unclear. Exceptions:

In an article referring to multiple currencies represented by the same symbol (e.g. the dollars of the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and other countries – سانچہ:Crossref) use the full signifier (e.g. سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt) each time, except (possibly) where a particular context makes this both unnecessary and undesirable.
In articles entirely on EU-, UK- and/or US-related topics, all occurrences may be shortened (سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt), unless this would be unclear.

The pound sterling is represented by the سانچہ:Xt symbol, with one horizontal bar. The double-barred سانچہ:!xt symbol is ambiguous, as it has also been used for the Italian lira and other currencies. For non-British currencies that use pounds or a pound symbol (e.g. the Irish pound, IR£) use the symbol conventionally preferred for that currency.
If there is no common English abbreviation or symbol, follow the ISO 4217 standard. سانچہ:Crossref

Formatting

A period (full point, .) is used as the decimal point – never a comma (سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt).
سانچہ:Crossref
Do not place a currency symbol after the accompanying numeric figures (e.g. سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt) unless that is the normal convention for that currency when writing in English.سانچہ:Clarify Never use forms such as سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt.
Currency abbreviations that come before the numeric value are unspaced if they consist of a nonalphabetic symbol only, or end in a symbol (سانچہ:Xt;

سانچہ:Xt); but spaced if alphabetic (سانچہ:Xt).

Ranges should be expressed giving the currency signifier just once: سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt.
سانچہ:Xt and سانچہ:Xt should be spelled out on first use, and (optionally) abbreviated سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt (both unspaced) thereafter: سانچہ:Xt; سانچہ:Xt.
In general, a currency symbol should be accompanied by a numeric amount e.g. not سانچہ:!xt but سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt.

Exceptions may occur in tables and infoboxes where space is limited e.g. سانچہ:Xt. It may be appropriate to wikilink such uses, or add an explanatory note.

Conversions

Conversions of less-familiar currencies may be provided in terms of more familiar currencies – such as the US dollar, euro or pound sterling – using an appropriate rate (which is often not the current exchange rate). Conversions should be in parentheses after the original currency, rounding to avoid false precision (two significant digits is usually sufficient, as most exchange rates fluctuate significantly), with at least the year given as a rough point of conversion rate reference; e.g. سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt.
For obsolete currencies, provide an equivalent (formatted as a conversion) if possible, in the modern replacement currency (e.g. decimal pounds for historical pre-decimal pounds-and-shillings), or a US-dollar equivalent where there is no modern equivalent.
In some cases it may be appropriate to provide a conversion accounting for inflation or deflation over time. سانچہ:Crossref

Common mathematical symbols

Shortcut: WP:COMMONMATH

ہور دیکھو: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics

This is not a complete list of symbols that may be used.
Spaces are placed to left and right when a symbol is used with two operands, but no space with one operand
The

{{nbsp}} and

{{nowrap}} templates may be used to prevent awkward linebreaks in mathematical material.

Many of these mathematical symbols are available in the "Insert" menu below the editing window and not have to be manually encoded as shown in this table, but just inserted with these tools.

Common mathematical symbols
Symbol name	Example	Markup	Comments
Plus / positive	سانچہ:Var + سانچہ:Var	`سانچہ:Var + سانچہ:Var`
Plus / positive	+سانچہ:Var	`+سانچہ:Var`
Minus / negative	سانچہ:Var − سانچہ:Var	`سانچہ:Var − سانچہ:Var`	Do not use hyphen (سانچہ:!xt) or dashes (سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt).
Minus / negative	−سانچہ:Var	`−سانچہ:Var`
Plus-minus / minus-plus	41.5 ± 0.3	`41.5 ± 0.3`
Plus-minus / minus-plus	−(±سانچہ:Var) = ∓سانچہ:Var	`−(±سانچہ:Var) = ∓سانچہ:Var`
Multiplication, cross	سانچہ:Var × سانچہ:Var	`سانچہ:Var × سانچہ:Var`	Do not use the letter سانچہ:!xt to indicate multiplication. However, an unspaced سانچہ:Xt may be used as a substitute for "by" in common terms such as [[4x4\|سانچہ:Xt]].
Division, obelus	سانچہ:Var ÷ سانچہ:Var	`سانچہ:Var ÷ سانچہ:Var`
Equal / equals	سانچہ:Var = سانچہ:Var	`سانچہ:Var = سانچہ:Var`
Not equal	سانچہ:Var ≠ سانچہ:Var	`سانچہ:Var ≠ سانچہ:Var`
Approx. equal	$π$ ≈ 3.14	`{{pi}} ≈ 3.14`
Less than	سانچہ:Var < سانچہ:Var	`سانچہ:Var < سانچہ:Var`
L.T. or equal	سانچہ:Var ≤ سانچہ:Var	`سانچہ:Var ≤ سانچہ:Var`
Greater than	سانچہ:Var > سانچہ:Var	`سانچہ:Var > سانچہ:Var`
G.T. or equal	سانچہ:Var ≥ سانچہ:Var	`سانچہ:Var ≥ سانچہ:Var`

Note: The variables in this table represent editor input. To actually markup variables in wikitext, use the

{{var}} template or

<var>...</var> HTML element: سانچہ:Tnull + سانچہ:Tnull and <var>x</var> + <var>y</var> both produce: سانچہ:Var + سانچہ:Var.

Geographical coordinates

Shortcuts: WP:Coordinates

سانچہ:Crossref

Quick guide:

Quick how to و گ ل
To add 57°18′22″N 4°27′32″W / 57.30611°N 4.45889°W / 57.30611; -4.45889 to the top of an article, use {{Coord}}, thus: `{{Coord\|57\|18\|22\|N\|4\|27\|32\|W\|display=title}}` These coordinates are in degrees, minutes, and seconds of arc. 'title' means that the coordinates will be displayed next to the title.
To add 44°06′43″N 87°54′47″W / 44.112°N 87.913°W / 44.112; -87.913 to the top of an article, use either `{{Coord\|44.112\|N\|87.913\|W\|display=title}}` or `{{Coord\|44.112\|-87.913\|display=title}}` These coordinates are in decimal degrees.
Degrees, minutes and seconds must be separated by a pipe ("\|"). Map datum must be WGS84 (except for off-earth bodies). Avoid excessive precision (0.0001° is <11 m, 1″ is <31 m). Latitude (N/S) must appear before longitude (E/W).
Optional coordinate parameters follow the longitude and are separated by an underscore ("_"): dim: `dim:`N (viewing diameter in metres) region: `region:`R (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 or ISO 3166-2 code) type: `type:`T (`landmark` or `city(30,000)`, for example) Other optional parameters are separated by a pipe ("\|"): display `\|display=inline` (the default) to display in the body of the article only, `\|display=title` to display at the top of the article only, or `\|display=inline,title` to display in both places. name `name=`X to label the place on maps (default is PAGENAME) Thus: `{{Coord\|44.117\|-87.913\|dim:30_region:US-WI_type:event` `\|display=inline,title\|name=accident site}}` Use `\|display=title` (or `\|display=inline,title`) once per article, for the subject of the article, where appropriate.
Per WP:ORDER, the template is placed in articles after any navigation templates, but before any Persondata or Defaultsort templates, or Categories. For full details, refer to {{Coord/doc}}. Additional guidance is available: obtaining coordinates, converting coordinates

Geographical coordinates on Earth should be entered using a template to standardise the format and to provide a link to maps of the coordinates. As long as the templates are adhered to, a robot performs the functions automatically.

First, obtain the coordinates. Avoid excessive precision.

Two types of template are available:

{{coord}} offers users a choice of display format through user styles, emits a Geo microformat, and is recognised (in the title position) by the "nearby" feature of Wikipedia's mobile apps and by external service providers such as Google Maps and Google Earth, and Yahoo.

Infoboxes such as

{{Infobox settlement}}, which automatically emit

{{Coord}}.

The following formats are available.

For degrees only (including decimal values): {{coord|سانچہ:Var|سانچہ:Var|سانچہ:Var|سانچہ:Var}}
For degrees/minutes: {{coord|سانچہ:Var|سانچہ:Var|سانچہ:Var|سانچہ:Var|سانچہ:Var|سانچہ:Var}}
For degrees/minutes/seconds: {{coord|سانچہ:Var|سانچہ:Var|سانچہ:Var|سانچہ:Var|سانچہ:Var|سانچہ:Var|سانچہ:Var|سانچہ:Var}}

where:

سانچہ:Var, سانچہ:Var, سانچہ:Var are the degrees, minutes and seconds, respectively;
سانچہ:Var is either N for northern or S for southern latitudes;
سانچہ:Var is either E for eastern or W for western longitudes;
negative values may be used in lieu of S and W to denote Southern and Western Hemispheres

For example:

For the city of Oslo, located at 59° 55′ N, 10° 44′ E:

{{coord|59|55|N|10|44|E}} – which becomes 59°55′N 10°44′E / 59.917°N 10.733°E

For a country, like Botswana, less precision is appropriate:

{{coord|22|S|24|E}} – which becomes 22°S 24°E / 22°S 24°E

Higher levels of precision are obtained by using seconds:

{{coord|33|56|24|N|118|24|00|W}} – which becomes 33°56′24″N 118°24′00″W / 33.94000°N 118.40000°W

Coordinates can be entered as decimal values

{{coord|33.94|S|118.40|W}} – which becomes 33°56′S 118°24′W / 33.94°S 118.40°W

Increasing or decreasing the number of decimal places controls the precision. Trailing zeros should be used as needed to ensure that both values have the same level of precision.

London Heathrow Airport, Amsterdam, Jan Mayen and Mount Baker are examples of articles that contain geographical coordinates.

Generally, the larger the object being mapped, the 'less precise the coordinates should be. For example, if just giving the location of a city, precision greater than 100

meters is not needed unless specifying a particular point in the city, for example the central administrative building. Specific buildings or other objects of similar size would justify precisions down to 10

meters or even one meter in some cases (1′′ ~15

m to 30

m, 0.0001° ~5.6

m to 10

m).

The final field, following the E/W, is available for attributes such as type:, region:, or scale: سانچہ:Crossref.


When adding coordinates, please remove the 
{{coord missing}} tag from the article, if present. 
سانچہ:Crossref

Templates other than 
{{coord}} should use the following variable names for coordinates: سانچہ:Var, سانچہ:Var, سانچہ:Var, سانچہ:Var, سانچہ:Var, سانچہ:Var, سانچہ:Var, سانچہ:Var.

See also
[سودھو]
Wikipedia:Naming conventions (numbers and dates)
Wikipedia:Date formattings
m:Help:Date formatting feature at Meta
سانچہ:Section link at Meta
سانچہ:Math templates

Notes and references
[سودھو]


↑ سانچہ:Section link, سانچہ:Section link, and سانچہ:Section link

↑  (2009-06-02) CCTF/09-32: Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). BIPM, 3. Retrieved on 2015-08-20. “This coordination began on January 1, 1960, and the resulting time scale began to be called informally 'Coordinated Universal Time.' ” 

↑ Only certain citation styles use abbreviated date formats. سانچہ:Crossref

↑ سانچہ:Crossref

↑ All-numeric سانچہ:Var-سانچہ:Var-سانچہ:Var dates might be assumed to follow the ISO 8601 standard, which mandates the Gregorian calendar. Also, technically all must be four-digit years, but Wikipedia is unlikely to ever need to format a far-future date beyond the year 9999.

↑ سانچہ:Section link

↑ The routine linking of dates is deprecated. This change was made August 24, 2008, on the basis of this archived discussion. It was ratified in two December 2008 RfCs Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers/Three proposals for change to MOSNUM and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers/Date Linking RFC

↑ These formats cannot, in general, be distinguished on sight, because there are usages in which 03-04-2007 represents March
 4, and other usages in which it represents April
 3. In contrast there is no common usage in which 2007-04-03 represents anything other than April
 3.


↑ سانچہ:Section link

↑ The number in parentheses is the numerical value of the standard uncertainty referred to the corresponding last digits of the quoted result – سانچہ:Crossref.

↑ If there is disagreement about the primary units used in a UK-related article, discuss the matter on the article talk-page, at MOSNUM talk, or both. If consensus cannot be reached, refer to historically stable versions of the article and retain the units used in these as the primary units. Note the style guides of British publications such as The Times (see archived version, under "Metric").

↑ ^۱۲.۰ ^۱۲.۱ ^۱۲.۲  (2014) SI Brochure: The International System of Units (SI), 8th, BIPM. Retrieved on 2015-08-20.  Tables 6, 7, 8, and 9 give additional guidance on non-SI units.

↑ These definitions are consistent with all units of measure mentioned in the SI Brochure سانچہ:Crossref and with all units of measure catalogued in EU directive 80/181/EEC [۱].

↑ "Resolution B2 on the re-definition of the astronomical unit of length" (PDF)۔ International Astronomical Union۔ 2012۔ صفحہ: 1 

↑ Wikipedia follows common practice regarding bytes and other data traditionally quantified using binary prefixes (e.g. سانچہ:Xtn and سانچہ:Xtn, meaning 2²⁰ and 2¹⁰ respectively) and their unit symbols (e.g. سانچہ:Xtn and سانچہ:Xtn) for RAM and decimal prefixes for most other uses.  Despite the IEC's 1998 international standard creating several new binary prefixes (e.g. mebi-, kibi-) to distinguish the meaning of the decimal SI prefixes (e.g. سانچہ:Xtn and سانچہ:Xtn, meaning 10⁶ and 10³ respectively) from the binary ones, and the subsequent incorporation of these IEC prefixes into the ISO/IEC 80000, consensus on Wikipedia in computing-related contexts currently favours the retention of the more familiar but ambiguous units سانچہ:Xtn, سانچہ:Xtn, سانچہ:Xtn, سانچہ:Xtn, سانچہ:Xtn, سانچہ:Xtn, etc. over use of unambiguous IEC binary prefixes. سانچہ:Crossref


سانچہ:Style wide

[14] Only use this format if it is clear from the context whether this means hours and minutes (H:MM) or minutes and seconds (M:SS).

[1] سانچہ:Section link, سانچہ:Section link, and سانچہ:Section link

[2] (2009-06-02) CCTF/09-32: Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). BIPM, 3. Retrieved on 2015-08-20. “This coordination began on January 1, 1960, and the resulting time scale began to be called informally 'Coordinated Universal Time.' ”

[3] Only certain citation styles use abbreviated date formats. سانچہ:Crossref

[4] سانچہ:Crossref

[5] All-numeric سانچہ:Var-سانچہ:Var-سانچہ:Var dates might be assumed to follow the ISO 8601 standard, which mandates the Gregorian calendar. Also, technically all must be four-digit years, but Wikipedia is unlikely to ever need to format a far-future date beyond the year 9999.

[6] سانچہ:Section link

[7] The routine linking of dates is deprecated. This change was made August 24, 2008, on the basis of this archived discussion. It was ratified in two December 2008 RfCs Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers/Three proposals for change to MOSNUM and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers/Date Linking RFC

[8] These formats cannot, in general, be distinguished on sight, because there are usages in which 03-04-2007 represents March
4, and other usages in which it represents April
3. In contrast there is no common usage in which 2007-04-03 represents anything other than April

3.

[9] سانچہ:Section link

[10] The number in parentheses is the numerical value of the standard uncertainty referred to the corresponding last digits of the quoted result – سانچہ:Crossref.

[UKmetricUnits-11] If there is disagreement about the primary units used in a UK-related article, discuss the matter on the article talk-page, at MOSNUM talk, or both. If consensus cannot be reached, refer to historically stable versions of the article and retain the units used in these as the primary units. Note the style guides of British publications such as The Times (see archived version, under "Metric").

[SI_Brochure-12] ۱۲.۰ ^۱۲.۱ ^۱۲.۲ (2014) SI Brochure: The International System of Units (SI), 8th, BIPM. Retrieved on 2015-08-20. Tables 6, 7, 8, and 9 give additional guidance on non-SI units.

[13] These definitions are consistent with all units of measure mentioned in the SI Brochure سانچہ:Crossref and with all units of measure catalogued in EU directive 80/181/EEC [۱].

[15] "Resolution B2 on the re-definition of the astronomical unit of length" (PDF)۔ International Astronomical Union۔ 2012۔ صفحہ: 1

[16] Wikipedia follows common practice regarding bytes and other data traditionally quantified using binary prefixes (e.g. سانچہ:Xtn and سانچہ:Xtn, meaning 2²⁰ and 2¹⁰ respectively) and their unit symbols (e.g. سانچہ:Xtn and سانچہ:Xtn) for RAM and decimal prefixes for most other uses. Despite the IEC's 1998 international standard creating several new binary prefixes (e.g. mebi-, kibi-) to distinguish the meaning of the decimal SI prefixes (e.g. سانچہ:Xtn and سانچہ:Xtn, meaning 10⁶ and 10³ respectively) from the binary ones, and the subsequent incorporation of these IEC prefixes into the ISO/IEC 80000, consensus on Wikipedia in computing-related contexts currently favours the retention of the more familiar but ambiguous units سانچہ:Xtn, سانچہ:Xtn, سانچہ:Xtn, سانچہ:Xtn, سانچہ:Xtn, سانچہ:Xtn, etc. over use of unambiguous IEC binary prefixes. سانچہ:Crossref

[۱]

[۲]

[۳]

[۴]

[۵]

[۶]

[۷]

[۸]

[۹]

[۱۰]

[۱۱]

[۱۲]

[۱۳]

[note ۱]

[۱۴]

[۱۵]