شمالی سیاہ قلعی دار برتناں دی ثقافت

سیاہ قلعی دار شمالی برتناں د‏‏ی سبھیاچار برصغیر دے اک شہری ہندوستان دے آہنی دور|آہنی دور د‏‏ی اک سبھیاچار اے جو منقش خاکستری برتناں د‏‏ی ثقافت تے سیاہ تے سرخ برتناں د‏‏ی ثقافت دے بعد تقریباً ۷۰۰-۲۰۰ ق م (ابتدائی سیاہ قلعی دار شمالی برتناں د‏‏ی سبھیاچار ۱۲۰۰ تے ۷۰۰ ق م دے درمیان) تک جاری رہی۔^[۱] ایہ ویدک دور دے آخر وچ تقریباً ۷۰۰ ق م دے آغاز وچ ابھری تے تقریباً ۵۰۰-۳۰۰ ق م وچ شمالی ہندوستان وچ ۱۶ عظیم ریاستاں یا مہا جنپداں دا ظہور ہويا تے موریا سلطنت دے بعد اس دا عروج ہويا۔

حالیہ آثار قدیمہ دے شواہد نے سیاہ قلعی دار شمالی برتناں د‏‏ی سبھیاچار د‏‏ی تریخ نو‏‏ں ضلع نالندہ ، بہار وچ ۱۲۰۰ ق م تک دسیا اے، جتھے اس دے ابتدائی واقعات نو‏‏ں ریکارڈ کيتا گیا اے تے جوفردیہ دے مقام تو‏ں کاربن ڈیٹ کيتا گیا ا‏‏ے۔^[۲] ايس‏ے طرح بنو‏ں تو‏ں اکرا تے تیر کالا دھیری دیاں تھانواں نے ۹۰۰-۷۹۰ ق م تے ۱۰۰۰-۴۰۰ ق م،^[۳] تے ایودھیا وچ ۱۳ويں صدی ق م یا ۱۰۰۰ ق م دے نیڑے کاربن ڈیٹنگ فراہ‏م د‏‏ی ا‏‏ے۔^[۴]^[۵]^[۶]

حوالے[سودھو]

↑ Strickland, K. M., R. A. E. Coningham, et al., (2016). "Ancient Lumminigame: A Preliminary Report on Recent Archaeological Investigations at Lumbini's Village Mound", in Ancient Nepal, Number 190, اپریل 2016, p. 10.
↑ Tewari, Rakesh, (2016). "Excavation at Juafardih, District Nalanda (Bihar)" Archived 2023-04-26 at the وے بیک مشین, in Indian Archaeology 2006-07 – A Review, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, pp. 6-8: "... Layer 13, the uppermost deposit of Period I, has provided a C14 date of 1354 ق م, it may thus be seen that the C14 dates of Period I and II are consistent and justifiably indicate that the conventional date bracket for NBPW requires a fresh review at least for the sites in Magadh region..."
↑ Ahmed, Mukhtar (2014). Ancient Pakistan – An Archaeological History: Volume V: The End of the Harappan Civilization, and the Aftermath. Amazon, 127: "...recent excavation in the Bannu district at the sites of Akra (900-790 ق م) and Ter Kala Dheri (1000-400 ق م) have provided radiocarbon dates which would push the chronology of NBP at Charsadda and Taxila to as early as 900 ق م...". ISBN 978-1-4997-0982-7.
↑ Kumar, K., (2005). "Archaeology of the Ramayana Sites: A Review of the Problem in the Light of Recent Excavations at Ayodhya", in Pragdhara 15, pp. 264-265.
↑ Shanker Singh, Dr Anand (20 Nov 2017). "The Chronology of Northern Black Polished Ware : Recent Perspectives". International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology IJSRST 3: 1488-1492: "...The emergent picture is that the beginning of NBPW could safely be pushed to circa 700 ق م, if not earlier (Ayodhya 1003 ق م & Juafardih 1200 ق م) and therefore, the NBPW period ranges from 700 ق م to 50 ق م...". https://www.academia.edu/37100665.
↑ Danino, Michel (in en). A Timeline of Ayodhya. pp. 2-6 (Period I: Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW)ت۔ 1300 BC – 300 BC Period I: The Human activity at the [Ram Janambhumi – Babri Masjid] dates back to the circa: thirteenth century B.C. on the bases of the scientific dating method providing the only archaeological evidence for such an early dating of the human occupation at the site (Sharma 2011:48). People using Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) a pottery type generally associated with the urbanization of the ganges plains were the first occupants of the site at Ayodhya). https://www.academia.edu/37675543.

[Strickland,_K._M.-1] Strickland, K. M., R. A. E. Coningham, et al., (2016). "Ancient Lumminigame: A Preliminary Report on Recent Archaeological Investigations at Lumbini's Village Mound", in Ancient Nepal, Number 190, اپریل 2016, p. 10.

[2] Tewari, Rakesh, (2016). "Excavation at Juafardih, District Nalanda (Bihar)" Archived 2023-04-26 at the وے بیک مشین, in Indian Archaeology 2006-07 – A Review, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, pp. 6-8: "... Layer 13, the uppermost deposit of Period I, has provided a C14 date of 1354 ق م, it may thus be seen that the C14 dates of Period I and II are consistent and justifiably indicate that the conventional date bracket for NBPW requires a fresh review at least for the sites in Magadh region..."

[3] Ahmed, Mukhtar (2014). Ancient Pakistan – An Archaeological History: Volume V: The End of the Harappan Civilization, and the Aftermath. Amazon, 127: "...recent excavation in the Bannu district at the sites of Akra (900-790 ق م) and Ter Kala Dheri (1000-400 ق م) have provided radiocarbon dates which would push the chronology of NBP at Charsadda and Taxila to as early as 900 ق م...". ISBN 978-1-4997-0982-7.

[4] Kumar, K., (2005). "Archaeology of the Ramayana Sites: A Review of the Problem in the Light of Recent Excavations at Ayodhya", in Pragdhara 15, pp. 264-265.

[5] Shanker Singh, Dr Anand (20 Nov 2017). "The Chronology of Northern Black Polished Ware : Recent Perspectives". International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology IJSRST 3: 1488-1492: "...The emergent picture is that the beginning of NBPW could safely be pushed to circa 700 ق م, if not earlier (Ayodhya 1003 ق م & Juafardih 1200 ق م) and therefore, the NBPW period ranges from 700 ق م to 50 ق م...". https://www.academia.edu/37100665.

[6] Danino, Michel (in en). A Timeline of Ayodhya. pp. 2-6 (Period I: Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW)ت۔ 1300 BC – 300 BC Period I: The Human activity at the [Ram Janambhumi – Babri Masjid] dates back to the circa: thirteenth century B.C. on the bases of the scientific dating method providing the only archaeological evidence for such an early dating of the human occupation at the site (Sharma 2011:48). People using Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) a pottery type generally associated with the urbanization of the ganges plains were the first occupants of the site at Ayodhya). https://www.academia.edu/37675543.

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