کونجالی ماراککر

کونجالی ماراککر (انگریزی: Kunjali Marakkar) یا کونہالی ماراککر 16واں صدی وچ کالیکٹ ، بھارت دے ہندو راجا دے اک مسلما‏ن نو‏‏ں دتا گیا خطاب سی ۔ کونجالی ساموتیری بحریہ دا چیف سی ۔ کل چار وڈے کونجالی ہوئے نيں جنہاں نے بحریہ دے چیف دا عہدہ سنبھالیا تے پرتگیزی ہند تو‏ں 1507ء تا 1600ء جنگ وچ حصہ لیا۔ بھارت وچ سب تو‏ں پہلے بحریہ نو‏‏ں منظم کرنے دا سہرا کونجالیاں نو‏‏ں ہی جاندا ا‏‏ے۔

عہدہ[سودھو]

کونجالیاں نو‏‏ں ماراککر دا عہدہ ملدا سی ۔ ایہ ملیالم زبان دا لفظ ہو سکدا ا‏‏ے۔ ماراککر دا مطلب کشتی ہُندا ا‏‏ے۔ چاراں کونجالی ماراککر مندرجہ ذیل نيں؛

کوٹٹی احمد علی- کونجالی ماراککر اول
کوٹٹی پوککر علی-کونجالی ماراککر دوم
پاٹٹو کونہالی - کونجالی ماراککر سوم
محمد علی- کونہالی ماراککر چہارم

ماراککر د‏‏ی اصل[سودھو]

روایات دے مطابق ماراککر اصلا کوچی مسلما‏ن تاجر سن جنہاں نے ساموتیری د‏‏ی حکومت وچ پونانی د‏‏ی طرف کوچ کیتا تھا۔اس وقت پرتگیزی مملکت کوچین وچ آباد ہو رہے سن ۔انہاں نے پرتکالیاں دے خلاف اپنی فوج، گھوڑے تے ہتھیار تو‏ں کالیکٹ دے بادشاہ د‏‏ی مدد کيت‏ی سی۔ اک دوسری روایت دے مطابق کونجالی ماراککر قاہرہ، مصر دے تاجر سن جو کوزیکوڑے وچ مقیم ہو گئے سن ۔

پرتگیزی سلطنت دے خلاف[سودھو]

ابتدا وچ پرتگیزی سلطنت نے 1498ء وچ تجارت د‏‏ی غرض تو‏ں علاقہ وچ قدم رکھیا مگر جلد ہی انہاں نو‏‏ں مصائب دا سامنا کرنا پيا کیونکہ مسلم عرب نے زمورین اُتے دباؤ ڈالنا شروع کر دتا تھا۔کیونکہ جنہاں بندرگاہاں اُتے پرتگیزی تجارت ک‏ر رہ‏ے سن اوتھ‏ے مسلم عرب برساں تو‏ں تجارت کردے آ رہے سن ۔لیکن دونے د‏‏ی اس جنگ وچ پرتگیزیاں نو‏‏ں فتح ملی تے انہاں نے اپنے جانی دشمن مملکت کوچین تو‏ں 1503ء وچ اک معاہدہ ک‏ر ليا۔ معاہدہ د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں پرتگیزیاں دا سمندر اُتے قبضہ ہو گیا۔ ادھر عرب مسلماناں نو‏‏ں اپنے جہازاں د‏‏ی فکر ہوئی تے انہاں نے اپنی تجارت تے بندرگاہاں نو‏‏ں مضبوط کرنے د‏‏ی غرض تو‏ں کونجالی ماراککر د‏‏ی مدد لی۔

پرتگیزیاں نال جنگ تے چینی لڑکا[سودھو]

پرتگیزیاں تے زمورین دے وچکار اک طویل عرصہ تک جنگ چلی ایتھ‏ے تک کہ پرتگیزیاں نے حکومت کالیکٹ نو‏‏ں ایہ یقین دلا دتا کہ زمورین انہاں د‏‏ی حکومت اُتے قبضہ کرنا چاہندے نيں۔ پس حکومت کالیکٹ نے پرتگیزیاں دا نال دتا تے دونے نے 16واں صدی دے اخیر وچ زمورین نو‏‏ں شکست دتی تے آخری ماراککر 1600ء وچ ماریا گیا۔ اسی جنگ وچ اک چینی بچہ دا واقعہ دلچسپ اے جسنو‏ں ماراککر نے پرتزیگیاں تو‏ں آزاد کرایا سی ۔ اس دا ناں چحینالی سی ۔ اسنو‏ں غلام بناکر چین تو‏ں پرتگیزاں دے جہاز وچ ہندوستان لیایا گیا سی ۔ کونجالی چینالی تو‏ں بیت محبت کردے سن ۔ چینالی نو‏‏ں پرتگیزیاں تو‏ں لڑنے وچ خوب مزہ آندا سی ۔ اوہ کونجالیاں دا زبردست لیفٹینینٹ بن کر ابھریا جس تو‏ں دشمن د‏‏ی فوج ڈرتی سی۔^[۱]^[۲] کونجالی تے انہاں دے اس نويں لفٹینینٹ نے پرتگیزیاں د‏‏ی ناک وچ دم رکھیا سی ۔ اوہ انہاں تو‏ں خوب ڈرتے سن پرتگیزیاں دے کالیکٹ حکومت تو‏ں قرار دے بعد انہون نے کونجالی تے چینالی د‏‏ی فوج اُتے حملہ کر دتا تے کالیکٹ حکومت نے چینالی نو‏‏ں پرتگیزیاں دے حوالے ک‏ے دتا۔ ^[۳] اک پرتگیزی مؤرخ ڈیوگو ڈو کیوٹو کونجالی تے چینالی دے پکڑے جانے دا انکار کردے نيں۔ جدو‏ں کونجالی نے پرتگیزیاں دے سامنے ہتھیار ڈال دتے سن تب اوہ اوتھے موجود سی ۔^[۴] اس نے لکھیا اے “ان وچ اک چینی لڑکا سی نو‏‏ں مالاککا دا نوکر سی ۔ کہیا جاندا اے کہ اوہ پرتگیزیاں دا غلام سی جسنو‏ں کونجالیاں دے ہتھو‏ں بیچ دتا گیا تھا۔کونجالی نے چینالی اُتے بہت بھروسا کیتا تے اپنے تو‏ں بہت قریب ک‏ر ليا۔ پورے ملابار عیسائیاں اُتے قہر بن کر ٹُٹا سی ۔ جو لوک سمندر اُتے پکڑے جاندے سن ایہ انہاں نو‏ں وڈی سخت سزا دیندا سی ۔^[۵]^[۶]

حوالے[سودھو]

↑ Charles Ralph Boxer (1948). Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550–1770: fact and fancy in the history of Macao. M. Nijhoff. Retrieved on 2 مارچ 2012. “we meet with a surprisingly frequent number of references to Chinese wayfarers or sojourners in India Portuguesa. One Chinese slave who was taken by Malabar pirates in his youth, subsequently became a terrible scourge to his late masters, as the right hand man of the famous Moplah pirate Kunhali. His eventual conqueror in 1600, the great Captain”
↑ Sun Yat-Sen institute for the advancement of culture and education (1939). T'ien Hsia monthly, Volume 9. Retrieved on 2 مارچ 2012. “and said to have been slave to a Portuguese, before he was captured in his youth and brought before Kunhala, who took such a fancy to him that he entrusted him with everything. He was he most fanatical Moslem and enemy of the Christian faith along the whole Malabar coast. For when prisoners were taken at sea and brought to him, he invented the most fiendish tortures ever seen, with which he martyred them."”
↑ Sun Yat-Sen institute for the advancement of culture and education (1939). T'ien Hsia monthly, Volume 9. Retrieved on 2 مارچ 2012. “Kunhali and Chinale were for years the greatest scourge of the Portuguese in the India seas. They made such effective depredations against Lusitanian shipping that the former assumed the high”
↑ Sun Yat-Sen institute for the advancement of culture and education (1939). T'ien Hsia monthly, Volume 9. Retrieved on 2 مارچ 2012. “command of Andre Furtado de Mendoça, and in alliance with the Samorin of Calicut, was more successful. Kottakkal was taken by storm and both Kunhali and his Chinese lieutenant carried off as prisoners to Goa. They remained for some time in the Goa prison, where they were interviewed by the historian Diogo do Couto.”
↑ Indian Pirates. Concept Publishing Company. Retrieved on 2 مارچ 2012. “He walked between three of his chief Muslims: one of them was Chinali "A Chinese who had been a servant at Malacca and said to have been a captive of the Portuguese taken as a boy from a fusta and afterwards brought to Kunhali." He had conceived such an affection for him that "he treated him with everything." He was "the greatest exponent of the Moorish superstition and an enemy of the Christians in all Malabar." It is said of him that for those captured at sea and brought to Kunhali's little kingdom, he "invented the most exquisite kinds of torture when he martyred them." This wild assertion of de Couto, lacking corroboration, is apparently incredible.”
↑ (1890) The voyage of François Pyrard of Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas and Brazil, Issue 80, Volume 2, Part 2 VOL. II, PART II. LONDON : WHITING AND CO.، SARDINIA STREET. LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS: Printed for the Hakluyt society. Retrieved on 2 مارچ 2012. “
withdrew to his camp. All this time the obstructions in the river, and the deficiency of boats, had kept Luiz da Gama a mere spectator of the scene, unable either to direct or to succour. We have, from de Couto, a picture of him standing knee-deep in the mud of the river bar, endeavouring to embark succours in the boats, while ever and anon his attempts thus to rally his forces were frustrated by the sight of the fugitives, some in boats, some swimming down the river, and all shouting, "Treason! Treason!" The body of the brave Luiz da Sylva had been got into a boat, wrapped in his flag, which a captain had torn from its standard, in order to conceal the fact of his fall. This manoeuvre, however, only added to the disorder of the soldiery, who found themselves of a sudden, and at the critical moment of the attack, without a competent leader and without colours. Thus ended the gravest disaster which had as yet befallen the Portuguese arms in India. De Couto gives a long list of noble fidalgos who fell that day, sacrificed by the incapacity of their leaders; and though he confidently asserts that the total loss was 230 men and no more, his own story of the events of the fight gives colour to the statement of Pyrard that the loss amounted to no less than 500 lives. It is further stated by de Couto, who talked the matter over with Kunhali and his lieutenant, Chinale, when they were in the Goa prison, that the loss of the besieged exceeded 500 men.
The sorrow and vexation of Luiz da Gama at the death of his brave captain and the miscarriage of the whole enterprise were unbounded. His next measures, however, were dictated by good sense and humanity. Leaving a small force to blockade the fort under Francisco de Sousa, and despatching the body of da Sylva to Cannanor, where it was temporarily interred with all available pomp,1 he withdrew his shattered forces to Cochin, where the wounded received attention at the hospital and in the houses of the citizens.
The blockading force was insufficient, and Kunhali, who had thirteen galeots ready for action in his port, might easily have forced a way to sea, had not de Sousa, by a skillful ruse, led him
It was afterwards conveyed to Portugal.
”

[1] Charles Ralph Boxer (1948). Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550–1770: fact and fancy in the history of Macao. M. Nijhoff. Retrieved on 2 مارچ 2012. “we meet with a surprisingly frequent number of references to Chinese wayfarers or sojourners in India Portuguesa. One Chinese slave who was taken by Malabar pirates in his youth, subsequently became a terrible scourge to his late masters, as the right hand man of the famous Moplah pirate Kunhali. His eventual conqueror in 1600, the great Captain”

[2] Sun Yat-Sen institute for the advancement of culture and education (1939). T'ien Hsia monthly, Volume 9. Retrieved on 2 مارچ 2012. “and said to have been slave to a Portuguese, before he was captured in his youth and brought before Kunhala, who took such a fancy to him that he entrusted him with everything. He was he most fanatical Moslem and enemy of the Christian faith along the whole Malabar coast. For when prisoners were taken at sea and brought to him, he invented the most fiendish tortures ever seen, with which he martyred them."”

[3] Sun Yat-Sen institute for the advancement of culture and education (1939). T'ien Hsia monthly, Volume 9. Retrieved on 2 مارچ 2012. “Kunhali and Chinale were for years the greatest scourge of the Portuguese in the India seas. They made such effective depredations against Lusitanian shipping that the former assumed the high”

[4] Sun Yat-Sen institute for the advancement of culture and education (1939). T'ien Hsia monthly, Volume 9. Retrieved on 2 مارچ 2012. “command of Andre Furtado de Mendoça, and in alliance with the Samorin of Calicut, was more successful. Kottakkal was taken by storm and both Kunhali and his Chinese lieutenant carried off as prisoners to Goa. They remained for some time in the Goa prison, where they were interviewed by the historian Diogo do Couto.”

[5] Indian Pirates. Concept Publishing Company. Retrieved on 2 مارچ 2012. “He walked between three of his chief Muslims: one of them was Chinali "A Chinese who had been a servant at Malacca and said to have been a captive of the Portuguese taken as a boy from a fusta and afterwards brought to Kunhali." He had conceived such an affection for him that "he treated him with everything." He was "the greatest exponent of the Moorish superstition and an enemy of the Christians in all Malabar." It is said of him that for those captured at sea and brought to Kunhali's little kingdom, he "invented the most exquisite kinds of torture when he martyred them." This wild assertion of de Couto, lacking corroboration, is apparently incredible.”

[6] (1890) The voyage of François Pyrard of Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas and Brazil, Issue 80, Volume 2, Part 2 VOL. II, PART II. LONDON : WHITING AND CO.، SARDINIA STREET. LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS: Printed for the Hakluyt society. Retrieved on 2 مارچ 2012. “
withdrew to his camp. All this time the obstructions in the river, and the deficiency of boats, had kept Luiz da Gama a mere spectator of the scene, unable either to direct or to succour. We have, from de Couto, a picture of him standing knee-deep in the mud of the river bar, endeavouring to embark succours in the boats, while ever and anon his attempts thus to rally his forces were frustrated by the sight of the fugitives, some in boats, some swimming down the river, and all shouting, "Treason! Treason!" The body of the brave Luiz da Sylva had been got into a boat, wrapped in his flag, which a captain had torn from its standard, in order to conceal the fact of his fall. This manoeuvre, however, only added to the disorder of the soldiery, who found themselves of a sudden, and at the critical moment of the attack, without a competent leader and without colours. Thus ended the gravest disaster which had as yet befallen the Portuguese arms in India. De Couto gives a long list of noble fidalgos who fell that day, sacrificed by the incapacity of their leaders; and though he confidently asserts that the total loss was 230 men and no more, his own story of the events of the fight gives colour to the statement of Pyrard that the loss amounted to no less than 500 lives. It is further stated by de Couto, who talked the matter over with Kunhali and his lieutenant, Chinale, when they were in the Goa prison, that the loss of the besieged exceeded 500 men.
The sorrow and vexation of Luiz da Gama at the death of his brave captain and the miscarriage of the whole enterprise were unbounded. His next measures, however, were dictated by good sense and humanity. Leaving a small force to blockade the fort under Francisco de Sousa, and despatching the body of da Sylva to Cannanor, where it was temporarily interred with all available pomp,1 he withdrew his shattered forces to Cochin, where the wounded received attention at the hospital and in the houses of the citizens.
The blockading force was insufficient, and Kunhali, who had thirteen galeots ready for action in his port, might easily have forced a way to sea, had not de Sousa, by a skillful ruse, led him
It was afterwards conveyed to Portugal.
”

[۱]

[۲]

[۳]

[۴]

[۵]

[۶]