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نگورنو کاراباخ تنازع

آزاد انسائیکلوپیڈیا، وکیپیڈیا توں
نگورنو کاراباخ تنازع
بسلسلہ سوویت دے بعد دے تنازعات

Current military situation in Nagorno-Karabakh
تاریخFebruary 1988–present
مقامNagorno-Karabakh line of contact and Armenia–Azerbaijan border
نتیجہ

Decisive Armenian military victory in 1994[۱۲]

سرحدی
تبدیلیاں		 جمہوریہ نگورنو کاراباخ د‏‏ی آزادی تے آرمینیا دے نال اتحاد[۲۰]
محارب
سانچہ:Country data Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh)[lower-alpha ۱]
 آرمینیا[lower-alpha ۲]
Foreign fighters
Arms suppliers
Diplomatic support		  آذربائیجان[lower-alpha ۳]
 سوویت یونین (1988–91)[lower-alpha ۴]
Foreign fighters
Arms suppliers
Diplomatic support
شریک یونٹیں
Artsakh Defence Army
Armed Forces of Armenia		 Azerbaijani Armed Forces
طاقت

2018: 65,000 (active servicemen)[۲۱][lower-alpha ۵]

1993–94: 30,000–40,000[۲۴][۲۵]

2019: 66,950 (active servicemen)[۲۶]

1993–94: 42,000–56,000[۲۵][۲۴][۲۷]
ہلاکتیں اور نقصانات
214 فوجی, 16 شہری ہلاک (2008ء–2016ء) 1,008 فوجی تے 90+ شہری ہلاک, 1,205 فوجی اور140 شہری زخمی, 30+ فوجی تے 12 پکڑے گئے شہری (1994ء–2016ء)[۲۸]
28,000–38,000 ہلاک (1988ء–1994ء)[۳۳]
3,000 ہلاک (مئی 1994ء – اگست 2009ء)[۳۴]
545–551+ ہلاک(2010ء–2020ء)

نگورنو کاراباخ تنازع (انگریزی: Nagorno-Karabakh conflict) آرمینیا تے آذربائیجان دے درمیان واقع اک علاقے دا جھگڑا ا‏‏ے۔ اس علاقے نو‏‏ں آذربائیجان دا حصہ تسلیم کيتا جاندا اے لیکن اس دا انتظام آرمینیائی نسل دے لوکاں دے پاس اے ۔دونے ملکاں دے درمیان اس علاقے نو‏‏ں حاصل کرنے دے لئی 80 تے 90 د‏‏ی دہائی وچ خونریز جنگاں ہوئے چکيت‏یاں نيں۔اس علاقے دے نال ارد گرد دے ست ضلعے اُتے خود ساختہ جمہوریہ نگورنو کاراباخ د‏‏ی حکومت ا‏‏ے۔ اس تنازعے وچ پاکستان تے ترکی د‏‏ی حکومتاں کھل دے آذربائیجان د‏‏ی سفارتی مدد کر رہیاں نيں۔

ہور ویکھو

[سودھو]

سانچہ:تبادلہ خیال

حوالے

[سودھو]
  1. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے Matveeva لئی۔
  2. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے Panossian لئی۔
  3. ↑ Shogren, Elizabeth (21 September 1990). "Armenians Wage Hunger Strike in Regional Dispute: Soviet Union: Five threaten to starve themselves to death unless Moscow ends military rule in Azerbaijan enclave.". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-09-21-mn-730-story.html. 
  4. ↑ Cornell، Svante E. (۱۹۹۹). «The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict» (PDF). Report no. 46, Department of East European Studies. Uppsala University. ص. 26. Sporadic clashes became frequent by the first months of 1991, with an ever-increasing organization of paramilitary forces on the Armenian side, whereas Azerbaijan still relied on the support of Moscow. […] In response to this development, a joint Soviet and Azerbaijani military and police operation directed from Moscow was initiated in these areas during the Spring and Summer of 1991.
  5. ↑ Papazian, Taline (2008). "State at War, State in War: The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict and State-Making in Armenia, 1991–1995". The Journal of Power Institutions in Post-Soviet Societies (8): 25. doi:10.4000/pipss.1623. https://journals.openedition.org/pipss/1623. "...units of the 4th army stationed in Azerbaijan and Azeri OMONs were used in “Operation Ring”, to empty a number of Armenian villages in Nagorno-Karabakh in April 1991.". 
  6. ↑ Murphy, David E. (1992). "Operation 'Ring': The Black Berets in Azerbaijan". The Journal of Soviet Military Studies 5 (1): 93. doi:10.1080/13518049208430053. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13518049208430053. "...Operation 'Ring' as a combined Soviet-Azerbaijan operation to weaken Armenian resistance in the Nagorno-Karabakh enclave.". 
  7. ↑ (2003) Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts. Greenwood Press, 208. ISBN 978-0-313-31381-3. “When the Soviet Union broke up in 1991 […] the Karabakh conflict escalated further, from guerrilla warfare to full-scale conventional combat.” 
  8. ↑ Tharoor, Ishaan (April 5, 2016). "The crisis over Nagorno-Karabakh, explained". دی واشنگٹن پوسٹ. https://web.archive.org/web/20200724154403/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/05/how-the-crisis-over-nagorno-karabakh-could-get-worse-fast/. 
  9. ↑ «The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Visual Explainer». International Crisis Group. بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۲۹ جون ۲۰۲۰.
  10. ↑ (August 11, 2017) "Armenia-Azerbaijan arms race undercuts peace prospects", Emerald Expert Briefings. Oxford Analytica. doi:10.1108/OXAN-DB223736. “As low-intensity fighting continues...” 
  11. ↑ Anishchuk, Alexei (December 10, 2010). "Armenia says to recognise Karabakh in case of war". روئٹرز. https://archive.ph/20200824143926/https://www.reuters.com/article/armenia-azerbaijan-karabakh/armenia-says-to-recognise-karabakh-in-case-of-war-idUKLDE6B917F20101210. Retrieved on
    ۱۱ نومبر ۲۰۲۰. "Low-intensity skirmishes since 1994..." 
  12. ↑ Broers, Laurence (2005). "The limits of leadership: Elites and societies in the Nagorny Karabakh peace process". Accord (London: Conciliation Resources): 8. ISSN 1365-0742. http://www.c-r.org/downloads/17_Nagorny_Karabakh.pdf. Retrieved on
    ۱۷ فروری ۲۰۱۷. "Overlaying what is fundamentally a territorial dispute are the consequences of the 1991–94 war: a decisive Armenian military victory resulting in Armenian control of Nagorny Karabakh and the further occupation of seven districts surrounding it.".  Archived 18 February 2017 at the وے بیک مشین
  13. ↑ Mirovalev, Mansur (April 19, 2016). "Here's why a 'frozen' conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan has gotten hot". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-nagorno-karabakh-20160419-story.html. "The 1994 cease-fire […] ended in political stalemate." 
  14. ↑ (April 2014) The Caucasus and Central Asia: Transitioning to Emerging Markets. بین الاقوامی مالیا‏تی فنڈ, 72. doi:10.5089/9781484305140.087. ISBN 978-1-4843-0514-0. “Armenia and Azerbaijan have been in a cold war since the cessation of large-scale conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh during 1988–94...” 
  15. ↑ Broers, Laurence (12 September 2012). "Armenia and Azerbaijan: what can societies do when political judgement errs?". opendemocracy.net. openDemocracy. https://archive.ph/20200824135251/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opensecurity/armenia-and-azerbaijan-what-can-societies-do-when-political-judgement-e/. Retrieved on
    ۱۱ نومبر ۲۰۲۰. "...as cold war between Armenia and Azerbaijan deepens." 
  16. ↑ Tchilingirian, Hratch (1999). "Nagorno Karabagh: Transition and the elite". Central Asian Survey 18 (4): 450. doi:10.1080/713656168. "As characterized by Karabagh's defence minister, the current post-war situation in the region is 'a cold war between Azerbaijan and Karabagh'.". 
  17. ↑ Bodner, Matthew (November 21, 2016). "Russia Emerges as Winner in Arms Race Between Armenia and Azerbaijan". The Moscow Times. https://archive.today/20200805210327/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2016/11/21/russias-answer-to-nagorno-karabakh-mutually-assured-destruction-a56224. 
  18. ↑ Mutschler, Max; Bales, Marius (February 2020). Global Militarisation Index 2019. Bonn International Center for Conversion. p. 2. ISSN 2521-7844. https://www.bicc.de/uploads/tx_bicctools/BICC_GMI_2019_EN.pdf. "The unresolved secessionist conflict between Armenia (position 3) and Azerbaijan (position 10) over the Nagorno-Karabakh region continues to keep militarisation in the South Caucasus at a very high level.".  Archived 2021-08-06 at the وے بیک مشین
  19. ↑ de Waal, Thomas (3 April 2016). "Nagorno-Karabakh's cocktail of conflict explodes again". بی بی سی نیوز. https://web.archive.org/web/20190328073010/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35954969. "The so-called Line of Contact between the two sides became the most militarised zone in the wider Europe, bristling with tanks and heavy artillery." 
  20. ↑ (2011) Post-Imperium: A Eurasian Story. Brookings Institution Press, 67. ISBN 978-0-87003-345-2. “Armenia is de facto united with Nagorno-Karabakh, an unrecognized state, in a single entity.” 
    • Cornell, Svante (2011). Azerbaijan Since Independence. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 135. ISBN 978-0-7656-3004-9. “Following the war, the territories that fell under Armenian control, in particular Mountainous Karabakh itself, were slowly integrated into Armenia. Officially, Karabakh and Armenia remain separate political entities, but for most practical matters the two entities are unified."” 
  21. ↑ Abrahamyan، Eduard (۸ جنوری ۲۰۱۸). «Russian Loan Allows Armenia to Upgrade Military Capabilities». CACI Analyst. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute. بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۵ اگست ۲۰۲۰. While often portrayed as separate forces, Armenia’s Armed Forces and the “Artsakh Defense Army,” totaling up to 65,000 active personnel, are in practice one force with a single Command-and-Control (C2) system.
  22. ↑ (15 February 2019) The Military Balance 2019. لندن: روٹلیج, 184. ISBN 978-1-85743-988-5. 
  23. ↑ (May 2008) Azerbaijan: Is War Over Nagornyy Karabakh a Realistic Option?. Advanced Research and Assessment Group, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, 14. ISBN 978-1-905962-49-5.  Archived 2016-04-15 at the وے بیک مشین
  24. ↑ ۲۴.۰ ۲۴.۱ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے SIPRI1994 لئی۔
  25. ↑ ۲۵.۰ ۲۵.۱ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے CaucasianKnot لئی۔
  26. ↑ (15 February 2019) The Military Balance 2019. لندن: روٹلیج, 185. ISBN 978-1-85743-988-5. 
  27. ↑ «SIPRI Yearbook 1995». sipri.org. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. ص. 28. بایگانی‌شده از اصلی (PDF) در ۲۶ اگست ۲۰۲۰. Table of conflict locations with at least one major armed conflict in 1994
  28. ↑ «Caspian Defense Studies Institute: More than 2000 injured or dead in Karabakh war». Meydan TV. بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۶ اگست ۲۰۱۶. دریافت‌شده در ۱۸ مئی ۲۰۱۶. نامعلوم پیرامیٹر دا |url-status= نظر انداز کردا (کمک)
  29. ↑ de Waal 2003, p. 285.
  30. ↑ Winds of Change in Nagorno Karabakh Archived 2011-12-06 at the وے بیک مشین. Euronews. 28 November 2009.
  31. ↑ Uppsala Conflict Data Program, Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh – civilians, viewed 2013-05-03
  32. ↑ «Azerbaijani Soldier Shot Dead by Armenian Forces». Naharnet. بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۱۶ اکتوبر ۲۰۱۴. دریافت‌شده در ۲۲ اکتوبر ۲۰۱۴. نامعلوم پیرامیٹر دا |url-status= نظر انداز کردا (کمک)
  33. ↑ See [۲۹][۳۰][۳۱][۳۲]
  34. ↑ «Armenia and Azerbaijan: Preventing War» (PDF). Europe Briefing N°60. International Crisis Group. ۸ فروری ۲۰۱۱. ص. 3. بایگانی‌شده از اصلی (PDF) در ۲۰ مئی ۲۰۱۶. There are no exact casualty figures since 1994, but most observers agree that as many as 3,000 people, mostly soldiers, have died. Crisis Group phone interview, Jasur Sumerinli, military expert, August 2009.

سانچہ:Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict سانچہ:Armenia–Azerbaijan relations سانچہ:Post-Cold War European conflicts سانچہ:Ongoing military conflicts
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