Jump to content

لسٹ یورپی وڈے تریخی شہر

آزاد انسائیکلوپیڈیا، وکیپیڈیا توں

ایہ لسٹ یورپی وڈے تریخی شہر (List of largest European cities in history) اے۔

خط زمانی - نواں زمانہ پتھر - کانسی - آہنی دور توں قدیم یونان تے رومی جمہوریہ 7000 - 100-0 قبل مسیح

[سودھو]
شہر 7000 6500–6000 5000 4000 3800 3000–2500 2000 1600 1300 1000 700 600 500 - 400 300 200 100-0
ایتھنز[۱][۲][۳][۴][۵][۶][۷][۸][۹][۱۰][۱۱][۱۲][۱۳][۱۴][۱۵][۱۶][۱۷][۱۸][۱۹][۲۰][۲۱] 10,000 - 15,000 2,500 - 5,000 5,000 - 10,000 70,000 - 100,000 - 130,000 150,000 - 350,000 - 610,000 120,000-200,000-300,000-431,000 100,000-200,000
آرگوس[۳][۱۴][۲۲][۲۳][۲۴][۲۵] 600 - 1,200 5,000 - 10,000 30,000 - 60,000
ائجینا[۲۶] 20,000 - 40,000
اکروتیری (سینتورینی)[۲۷][۲۸][۲۹][۳۰][۳۱][۳۲][۳۳][۳۴][۳۵][۳۵] 8,000 - 15,000 - 30,000
ایگریجینتو[۳۶][۳۷][۳۸][۳۹][۴۰] 200,000 - 800,000
چیرویتیری[۴۱][۴۲][۴۳][۴۴][۴۵] 25,000 - 40,000
کاپوا[۴۶][۴۷][۴۸][۴۹][۵۰][۵۱] 100,000 300,000 100,000
خیروکیتیا[۵۲][۵۳][۵۴][۵۵][۵۶][۵۷][۵۸] 300 - 600 2,000
کورینتھ[۵۹][۶۰][۶۱] 50,000-90,000-100,000
کروتونے[۶۲] 50,000 - 80,000
دوبروودے[۶۳][۶۴] 10,000-16,000
دیمینی[۶۵] 300
ڈورنگٹن دیواریں[۶۶][۶۷][۶۸] 4,000
فیدوروکا[۶۴] 6,000
گوورنیا[۶۹][۷۰] 4,000
ہیونبرگ[۷۱][۷۲][۷۳][۷۴] 10,000
اسکیا[۷۵][۷۶][۷۷] 5,000 - 10,000
کنوسوس[۳][۱۴][۲۷]

[۷۸][۷۹][۸۰][۸۱][۸۲][۸۳][۸۴][۸۵][۸۶][۸۷]

100 1,000 1,300-2,000 18,000 20,000 - 40,000 - 100,000 30,000 5,000 - 10,000
مائسینیہ[۸۴][۸۸] 30,000
مانیکا (یونان)[۸۷][۸۹][۹۰][۹۱][۹۲][۹۳] 6000 - 13,500
مالیا[۲۷][۸۵][۸۷] 700-1,000 5,000 - 10,000 - 12.500
مایدانتس[۶۳] 10,000
Nea Nikomedeia[۹۴] 500-700
Palaikastro[۲۷][۸۵] 18,000
Populonia[۴۳][۴۴][۹۵][۹۶] 25,000 - 40,000
Lepenski Vir[۹۷][۹۸][۹۹][۱۰۰][۱۰۱][۱۰۲] 150 -1,000
Tarquinia[۴۳][۴۴][۹۵][۹۶] 20,000 - 25,000 - 40,000
Vinča-Belo Brdo[۱۰۳][۱۰۴] 2000–2500
Veii[۴۳][۴۴][۹۵][۹۶][۱۰۵][۱۰۶][۱۰۷] 25,000 - 40,000 - 100,000
Volsinii[۴۳][۴۴][۹۵][۹۶] 13,000 - 25,000 - 40,000
Vulci[۴۳][۴۴][۹۵][۹۶] 15,000 - 25,000 - 40,000
Sesklo[۱۰۸][۱۰۹][۱۱۰][۱۱۱][۱۱۲] 300 1000–5000
سپارٹا[۲][۱۱۳] 40,000-50,000
سرقوسہ، صقلیہ[۴۰][۱۱۴][۱۱۵][۱۱۵][۱۱۶][۱۱۷][۱۱۸][۱۱۹][۱۲۰] 200,000-800,000-1,200,000 200,000-400,000
Sybaris[۱۲۱][۱۲۲][۱۲۳][۱۲۴][۱۲۵][۱۲۶] 100,000-300,000
Solnitsata[۱۲۷][۱۲۸] 350
Tiryns[۸۷][۱۲۹][۱۳۰][۱۳۱] 1,200-1,800 10,000 15,000
Nebelovka[۶۴] 17,000
تارانتو[۵۱][۱۳۲][۱۳۳] 100,000-300,000
Talianki[۶۴][۱۳۴][۱۳۵][۱۳۶] 15,000-30,000
Thebes, Greece[۸۷][۱۳۷]

[۱۳۸][۱۳۹][۱۴۰][۱۴۱]

4,000-6,000 8,000 30,000 - 60,000
Los Millares[۱۴۲][۱۴۳][۱۴۴] 1,000 - 2,300
Pavlopetri[۱۴۵][۱۴۶] 500 2,000
روم[۵۱][۱۴۷][۱۴۸][۱۴۹][۱۵۰]

[۱۵۱][۱۵۲][۱۵۳][۱۵۴][۱۵۵][۱۵۶][۱۵۷][۱۵۸]

3,145-7,400 24,240-60,600 80,000 130,000 250,000-300,000 350,000 500,000-1,000,000
روڈس (شہر)[۲۰][۲۱][۱۵۹] 100,000-200,000 100,000

خط زمانی از رومی جمہوریہ تا جدید دور 0 - 1800 عیسوی

[سودھو]
City 0-100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
ایتھنز[۱۶۰][۱۶۱] 30,000 110,000
Aquileia[۲۶][۱۶۲] 100,000 100,000
Augsburg[۱۶۳][۱۶۴][۱۶۵][۱۶۶][۱۶۷][۱۶۸][۱۶۹] 25,000-50,000 25,000-50,000 50,000 30,000-50,000 45,000-50,000-100,000 28,000
Amalfi[۱۷۰] 80,000
انتورب[۱۷۱][۱۷۲][۱۷۳][۱۷۴][۱۷۵] 5,000 20,000 100,000-200,000 46,000-90,000 75,000
Arles[۱۷۶][۱۷۷][۱۷۸] 75,000-100,000
Autun[۱۷۹][۱۸۰][۱۸۱] 40,000-100,000
ایمسٹرڈیم[۱۷۴][۱۸۲][۱۸۳][۱۸۴] 30,000 65,000-100,000-175,000 175,000-200,000-210,000 195,000-201,000
برشلونہ[۱۸۴][۱۸۵][۱۸۶][۱۸۷] 50,000 60,000-70,000 100,000
Bruges[۱۸۸][۱۸۹] 50,000 125,000-200,000
برسلز[۱۷۳][۱۸۳][۱۹۰] 30,000 100,000 100,000 70,000
بورڈو[۱۹۱][۱۹۲][۱۹۳] 30,000-40,000 50,000 100,000
برلن[۱۸۳][۱۹۴] 6,000 12,000 20,000 172,000
بلونیا[۱۹۵][۱۹۶][۱۹۷] 35,000 50,000-70,000
Carnuntum[۱۹۸][۱۹۹] 50,000 50,000 50,000
کادیز[۱۸۱][۱۸۳] 100,000 87,000
کورینتھ[۵۹][۲۰۰][۲۰۱][۲۰۲][۲۰۳] 100,000 - 200,00 - 700,000
قسطنطنیہ[۲۰۴][۲۰۵][۲۰۶][۲۰۷][۲۰۸][۲۰۹][۲۱۰][۲۱۱][۲۱۲][۲۱۳] 400,000 400,00- 800,000 100,000- 800,000 100,000- 800,000 100,000- 250,000 500,000- 1,000,000 500,000 300,000 400,000 70,000 400,000-660,000 700,000 300,000-700,000 400,000-570,000
Córdoba[۱۸۱][۱۹۶][۲۱۴] 45,000 450,000 60,000
کولون (علاقہ)[۱۹۷][۲۱۵][۲۱۶][۲۱۷][۲۱۸][۲۱۹] 40,000 40,000 15,000-20,000 20,000 50,000 50,000-60,000 45,000 40,000 50,000
گدانسک[۱۶۳][۱۸۲] 30,000 60,000-80,000
ڈبلن[۲۲۰][۲۲۱][۲۲۲][۲۲۳] 1,000-2,000 4,000-5,000 10,000 20,000 75,000 200,000
فلورنس[۱۷۳][۱۷۴][۱۹۷][۲۱۵][۲۲۴][۲۲۵] 15,000 50,000-60,000 80,000-120,000 70,000 70,000
جینوا (اٹلی)[۱۷۳][۱۷۴][۱۹۷][۲۲۶][۲۲۷][۲۲۸] 80,000 50,000 100,000 100,000 60,000 70,000 90,000
Ghent[۱۷۲][۱۸۸][۲۲۹][۲۳۰][۲۳۱][۲۳۲][۲۳۳][۲۳۴][۲۳۵] 5,000 10,000 60,000-80,000 70,000-80,000 80,000-150,000-175,000-200,000
غرناطہ[۱۷۴][۲۳۶][۲۳۷] 26,000 150,000 100,000 70,000
ہامبرگ[۱۶۳][۱۶۵][۱۶۹][۱۸۲][۱۸۳][۲۳۸] 15,000-20,000 40,000-60,000-100,000 63,000 117,000
کیف[۲۳۹][۲۴۰] 45,000 100,000
لزبن[۱۸۳][۲۳۴][۲۴۱][۲۴۲] 35,000 50,000-60,000 60,000-70,000-120,000 120,000-140,000 200,000 237,000
لندن[۲۱۳][۲۴۳][۲۴۴][۲۴۵][۲۴۶][۲۴۷][۱۷۴][۲۴۸][۲۴۹] 30,000 45,000-50,000-60,000 10,000-12,000 20,000-25,000 10,000-20,000 20,000-25,000 50,000-100,000 50,000-100,000-120,000 225,000-410,000 550,00-700,000 861,000-1,000,000
Lugdunum (لیون)[۱۸۲][۱۹۳][۱۹۷][۲۵۰][۲۵۱][۲۵۱][۲۵۲][۲۵۳] 50,000-100,000-200,000 50,000-100,000-200,000 12,000 20,000 40,000-70,000 40,000-70,000 100,000 150,000
Leuven[۱۷۳] 45,000
میدرد[۱۸۲][۱۸۳][۲۳۸] 60,000 105,000 182,000
Magdeburg[۱۶۳][۲۱۹] 30,000 40,000-45,000
مارسیلز[۱۸۲][۱۸۳][۱۸۴][۲۳۸] 80,000-100,000 80,000 83,000-100,000
Mainz[۲۵۴] 20,000 30,000
میسینا[۱۸۲][۲۳۸][۲۵۵] 100,000
میلان[۴۸][۱۷۳][۱۷۴][۱۸۱][۱۸۳][۲۲۷][۲۳۸][۲۵۶][۲۵۷][۲۵۸][۲۵۹] 40,000 40,000 100,000 90,000 200,000 125,000 100,000 180,000 113,000 122,000-250,000
میتز[۱۹۳][۲۵۲][۲۶۰] 40,000 25,000 40,000
مونپیلیے[۱۹۳][۲۶۱] 30,000-40,000 15,000 40,000
ماسکو[۲۳۴][۲۶۲] 20,000-30,000 30,000-40,000 100,000 200,000 200,000 250,000
Narbonne[۱۷۹][۱۹۷] 30,000-50,000 31,000
ناپولی[۱۷۳][۱۸۳][۱۹۷][۲۶۳][۲۶۴][۲۶۵][۲۶۶][۲۶۷][۲۶۸][۲۶۹] 30,000 50,000 30,000 30,000 50,000-60,000 200,000 350,000 207,000 500,000
نیم (شہر)[۱۹۳][۲۷۰][۲۷۱][۲۷۲][۲۷۳] 40,000-60,000 40,000
نورنبرگ[۱۶۵][۱۶۷][۱۶۹][۲۳۸][۲۷۴][۲۷۵][۲۷۶] 20,000 20,000-50,000 40,000-50,000-100,000 27,000
اوستیا[۲۷۷][۲۷۸][۲۷۹][۲۸۰][۲۸۱][۲۸۲] 20,000-50,000-100,000 50,000-100,000
پالیرمو[۱۸۲][۱۸۳][۲۳۴][۲۸۳] 350,000 150,000 150,000 50,000 100,000 124,000 135,000
پیرس[۱۹۷][۲۱۳][۲۸۴][۲۸۵][۲۸۶][۱۹۳][۲۸۷][۲۸۸] 80,000 30,000 20,000-30,000 20,000-30,000 20,000 50,000 110,000-160,000 228,000-275,000-300,000 280,000 225,000 245,000-420,000 515,000 546,000-830,000
پادووا[۱۹۵][۲۸۹] 25,000-40,000 25,000-40,000 25,000-40,000 40,000
Pozzuoli[۴۸][۲۹۰][۲۹۱] 50,000-100,000
Preslav[۱۷۴] 60,000 60,000
پراگ[۱۷۴][۱۸۳][۲۹۲] 22,000 77,000 95,000 48,000 77,000
Regensburg[۱۷۴][۲۵۲] 25,000 40,000
رمس[۱۷۹][۱۹۳] 30,000-50,000 30,000
روم[۱۴۷][۱۴۸][۱۴۹][۱۵۰][۱۵۱][۱۵۲][۱۵۳][۱۵۴][۱۵۵][۱۷۴][۲۰۴][۲۹۳][۲۹۴][۲۹۵][۲۹۶][۲۹۷][۲۹۸][۲۹۹] 1,650,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,100,000 100,000 90,000 40,000 - 50,000 50,000 30,000 20,000 50,000-55,000 90,000-110,000 120,000-150,000 150,000
راوینا[۱۷۶] 50,000 50,000
Rouen[۱۸۳][۱۹۳][۲۵۲][۲۵۳][۲۹۲][۳۰۰][۳۰۱] 10,000 30,000 40,000 70,000 40,000-70,000 40,000-70,000 63,000 80,000-90,000
سینٹ پیٹرز برگ[۱۸۴][۳۰۲] 220,000-425,000
سالیرنو[۱۹۷][۳۰۳] 50,000 50,000 30,000 4,000
سمولنسک[۳۰۴][۳۰۵] 20,000-30,000 40,000
Sarai[۳۰۶] 600,000
اشبیلیہ[۱۷۰][۱۸۲][۱۸۳][۲۳۷] 90,000 150,000 25,000 100,000-300,000 80,000 96,000
Siena[۳۰۷] 50,000 25,000
سرقوسہ، صقلیہ[۱۸۱] 80,000
تھیسالونیکی[۲۳۹][۲۷۶][۳۰۸][۳۰۹][۳۱۰][۳۱۱] 200,000 40,000 150,000 150,000 100,000- 150,000 100,000- 150,000
Trier[۱۹۷][۲۵۲][۳۱۲][۳۱۳][۳۱۴][۳۱۵] 70,000-80,000-100,000 70,000-80,000-100,000 15,000 20,000
تولوز[۱۷۳][۱۹۳][۳۱۶][۳۱۷][۳۱۸] 50,000 50,000 30,000 25,000 50,000 30,000
وینس[۱۷۳][۱۷۴][۲۲۵][۲۲۶][۳۱۹] 60,000 80,000 110,000-180,000 110,00-150,000 100,000-170,000 200,000 140,000 140,000
ویرونا[۳۲۰][۳۲۱] 20,000-25,000 40,000
ویلیکی نووگورود[۳۲۲][۳۲۳][۳۲۴][۳۲۵] 10,000-15,000 20,000-30,000 400,000
ویانا[۱۶۳][۱۶۹][۱۸۲][۱۸۳][۲۷۶][۲۸۹][۳۲۶][۳۲۷] 15,000-20,000 15,000-20,000 20,000 20,000 50,000 100,000 250,000
یپریس,[۱۹۷][۳۲۸][۳۲۹][۳۳۰][۳۳۱][۳۳۲][۳۳۳][۳۳۴] 40,000-80,000-200,000 40,000-80,000-200,000

معلومات از ہوہینبرگ اور لی (Hohenberg and Lees) (1985)

[سودھو]

*Warsaw data from 1792[۳۳۵]

معلومات از شاندلر (1987)

[سودھو]
شہر ملک 430 قبل مسیح 200 قبل مسیح عیسوی 100 عیسوی 361 عیسوی 500 عیسوی 622
اشبیلیہ ہسپانیہ 37–40,000 40,000
لندن برطانیہ 30,000
Syracuse اطالیہ 125,000 100,000 51–60,000 45–50,000
روم اطالیہ 35,000 150,000 450,000 150,000 100,000 50,000
میلان اطالیہ 30,000 40,000
ایتھنز یونان 155,000 75,000 75,000 50–60,000
کورینتھ یونان 70,000 70,000 50,000
قسطنطنیہ ترکی 36,000 300,000 400,000 350,000
شہر ملک 800 900 1000 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1575 1600 1650
لندن برطانیہ 15,000 25,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 60,000 50,000 74,000 112,000 187,000 410,000
لزبن پرتگال 15,000 15,000 15,000 35,000 45,000 55,000 60,000 55,000 62,000 85,000 100,000 170,000
Córdoba ہسپانیہ 160,000 200,000 450,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 40,000 36,000 30,000 32,000
اشبیلیہ ہسپانیہ 35,000 40,000 90,000 125,000 125,000 150,000 75,000 90,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 46,000 70,000 100,000 126,000 60,000
غرناطہ ہسپانیہ 60,000 60,000 60,000 75,000 90,000 60,000 90,000 165,000 70,000 70,000 60,000 68,000
میدرد ہسپانیہ 80,000 125,000
پیرس فرانس 25,000 20,000 30,000 50,000 110,000 160,000 228,000 215,000 280,000 150,000 185,000 210,000 220,000 245,000 455,000
ایمسٹرڈیم نیدرلینڈز 48,000 165,000
روم اطالیہ 50,000 40,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 30,000 33,000 38,000 58,000 70,000 102,000 110,000
ناپولی اطالیہ 30,000 25,000 30,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 75,000 114,000 209,000 215,000 224,000 265,000
میلان اطالیہ 25,000 20,000 30,000 42,000 45,000 60,000 65,000 60,000 50,000 80,000 83,000 89,000 75,000 98,000 107,000 105,000
پالیرمو اطالیہ 35,000 75,000 90,000 125,000 150,000 75,000 35,000 25,000 39,000 60,000 70,000 105,000 132,000
وینس اطالیہ 35,000 45,000 55,000 60,000 70,000 90,000 110,000 85,000 110,000 100,000 115,000 171,000 157,000 151,000 134,000
پراگ چیک جمہوریہ 15,000 22,000 40,000 50,000 95,000 70,000 70,000 70,000 70,000 110,000
ایتھنز یونان 25,000 35,000 35,000 33,000
قسطنطنیہ ترکی 250,000 300,000 300,000 200,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 100,000 80,000 75,000 45,000 200,000 660,000 680,000 700,000 700,000
Sarai روس 80,000 100,000 120,000
ماسکو روس 30,000 80,000 75,000 60,000 80,000 100,000
شہر ملک 1675 1700 1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1862 1875 1900 1914 1925 1936 1950 1975
لندن برطانیہ 485,000 550,000 676,000 710,000 861,000 1,335,000 2,320,000 2,803,000 4,241,000 6,480,000 7,419,000 7,742,000 9,710,000 8,860,000 10,500,000
لزبن پرتگال 178,000 188,000 213,000 219,000 237,000 258,000 262,000 280,000 243,000 363,000 455,000 567,000 875,000 1,600,000
Córdoba ہسپانیہ 27,000 28,000 34,000 52,000
اشبیلیہ ہسپانیہ 80,000 68,000 96,000 83,000 117,000 148,000 212,000 383,000 685,000
غرناطہ ہسپانیہ 35,000 45,000 53,000 58,000 75,000
میدرد ہسپانیہ 115,000 105,000 110,000 132,000 182,000 201,000 216,000 303,000 373,000 539,000 623,000 791,000 1,220,000 1,527,000 4,150,000
پیرس فرانس 540,000 530,000 556,000 600,000 547,000 855,000 1,314,000 1,800,000 2,250,000 3,330,000 4,000,000 4,800,000 5,950,000 5,900,000 9,400,000
ایمسٹرڈیم نیدرلینڈز 195,000 210,000 219,000 209,000 195,000 196,000 225,000 268,000 289,000 510,000 601,000 718,000 859,000 1,800,000
روم اطالیہ 105,000 138,000 146,000 148,000 142,000 125,000 158,000 194,000 251,000 438,000 570,000 758,000 1,155,000 1,665,000 3,600,000
ناپولی اطالیہ 170,000 207,000 310,000 355,000 430,000 350,000 413,000 447,000 450,000 563,000 691,000 852,000 1,210,000 1,900,000
میلان اطالیہ 114,000 113,000 110,000 117,000 122,000 156,000 182,000 226,000 267,000 491,000 655,000 917,000 1,103,000 1,400,000 3,800,000
پالیرمو اطالیہ 128,000 125,000 111,000 127,000 135,000 154,000 170,000 175,000 188,000 255,000 370,000 470,000 672,000
وینس اطالیہ 138,000 143,000 158,000 151,000 146,000 99,000 141,000 171,000 226,000 354,000
برلن جرمنی 26,000 113,000 136,000 172,000 222,000 446,000 582,000 1,045,000 2,707,000 3,500,000 4,013,000 4,226,000 3,707,000 2,000,000
بوداپست مجارستان - - - - - - - - 309,208 733,385 880,371 960,995 1,060,431 1,629,000 2,026,543
پراگ چیک جمہوریہ 48,000 58,000 77,000 98,000 117,000 474,000 670,000 745,000 951,000 1,275,000
ایتھنز یونان 30,000 181,000 571,000 1,140,000 3,300,000
قسطنطنیہ ترکی 750,000 700,000 625,000 600,000 570,000 675,000 785,000 820,000 873,000 900,000 1,125,000 817,000 1,035,000 3,200,000
ادرنہ ترکی 100,000 85,000 82,000 80,000 88,000 85,000
ماسکو روس 105,000 114,000 146,000 177,000 248,000 257,000 373,000 346,000 600,000 1,120,000 1,805,000 1,764,000 4,050,000 5,100,000 10,700,000
سینٹ پیٹرز برگ روس 74,000 164,000 220,000 438,000 502,000 565,000 764,000 1,439,000 2,133,000 1,430,000 2,983,000 2,700,000 4,280,000

حوالے

[سودھو]
  1. ↑ (2009) Citadel to City-State: The Transformation of Greece, 1200-700 B.C.E.. Indiana University Press, 65. ISBN 9780253003256. 
  2. ↑ ۲.۰ ۲.۱ The growth of Greek cities in the first millennium BC at www.princeton.edu Error: unknown archive URL (archived 12 December 2005)
  3. ↑ ۳.۰ ۳.۱ ۳.۲ Storey, G. (2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. University of Alabama Press, 37. ISBN 9780817352462. 
  4. ↑ Beer, J. (2004). Sophocles and the Tragedy of Athenian Democracy. Praeger, 4. ISBN 9780313289460. 
  5. ↑ (2010) After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies. University of Arizona Press, 80. ISBN 9780816529360. 
  6. ↑ Urban History of Athens Presentation at www.d.umn.edu Error: unknown archive URL (archived 9 December 2008)
  7. ↑ Kellogg, D.L. (2013). Marathon Fighters and Men of Maple: Ancient Acharnai. OUP Oxford, 36. ISBN 9780191663864. 
  8. ↑ Hansen, M.H. (1988). Three Studies in Athenian Demography. Commissioner, Munksgaard, 7. ISBN 9788773041895. 
  9. ↑ Wilson, N. (2013). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Taylor & Francis, 214. ISBN 9781136788000. 
  10. ↑ O'Sullivan, L. (2009). The Regime of Demetrius of Phalerum in Athens, 317-307 BCE: A Philosopher in Politics. Brill, 110. ISBN 9789004178885. 
  11. ↑ Greece, A History of Ancient Greece, Legacy at history-world.org Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  12. ↑ BBC - History - Ancient History in depth: The Democratic Experiment at www.bbc.co.uk Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  13. ↑ The population of Sparta and Athens at www.ancientgreekbattles.net Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  14. ↑ ۱۴.۰ ۱۴.۱ ۱۴.۲ The collapse and regeneration of complex society in Greece, 1500-500 BC at www.princeton.edu Error: unknown archive URL (archived 12 December 2005)
  15. ↑ Rocca, S. (2008). Herod's Judaea: A Mediterranean State in the Classical World. Coronet Books Incorporated, 333. ISBN 9783161497179. 
  16. ↑ (2010) Open Government: Collaboration, Transparency, and Participation in Practice. O'Reilly Media, 169. ISBN 9781449388805. 
  17. ↑ Moreno, A. (2007). Feeding the Democracy: The Athenian Grain Supply in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BC. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199228409. 
  18. ↑ Van Wees, H. (2013). Ships and Silver, Taxes and Tribute: A Fiscal History of Archaic Athens. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 9781780766867. 
  19. ↑ Kellogg, D.L. (2013). Marathon Fighters and Men of Maple: Ancient Acharnai. OUP Oxford, 37. ISBN 9780199645794. 
  20. ↑ ۲۰.۰ ۲۰.۱ Keith Roberts (2013). The Origins of Business, Money and Markets. Columbia Business School Pub.. ISBN 9780231526852. 
  21. ↑ ۲۱.۰ ۲۱.۱ Beck, H. (2013). A Companion to Ancient Greek Government. Wiley, 55. ISBN 9781118303184. 
  22. ↑ Troy Dora P. Crouch Professor Emerita Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, NY (1993). Geology and Settlement : Greco-Roman Patterns: Greco-Roman Patterns. Oxford University Press, USA, 124. ISBN 9780195359435. 
  23. ↑ (1991) Civilization or Barbarism:. L.M. Ngemi, 160. ISBN 9781556520488. 
  24. ↑ Blumberg, A. (1995). Great Leaders, Great Tyrants?: Contemporary Views of World Rulers who Made History. Greenwood Press, 242. ISBN 9780313287510. 
  25. ↑ Hall, J.M. (2013). A History of the Archaic Greek World, ca. 1200-479 BCE. Wiley. ISBN 9781118340462. 
  26. ↑ ۲۶.۰ ۲۶.۱ (2012) The Oxford Classical Dictionary. OUP Oxford, 16. ISBN 9780199545568. 
  27. ↑ ۲۷.۰ ۲۷.۱ ۲۷.۲ ۲۷.۳ Castleden, R. (2002). Atlantis Destroyed. Taylor & Francis, 97. ISBN 9781134708796. 
  28. ↑ Freeman, C. (2014). Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean. OUP Oxford, 118. ISBN 9780191509704. 
  29. ↑ (2007) Island Colonization: The Origin and Development of Island Communities. Cambridge University Press, 80. ISBN 9781139462310. 
  30. ↑ Kupp, R.W. (2005). A Nuclear Engineer in the Twentieth Century. Trafford Publishing, 311. ISBN 9781412050036. 
  31. ↑ New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC, 73. 
  32. ↑ Civilization.ca - Greece: Secrets of the Past - Fast Facts at www.historymuseum.ca Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  33. ↑ Francis, P. (1993). Volcanoes: a planetary perspective. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198540335. 
  34. ↑ Yahya, H. (2000). The Truth of the Life of this World. Ta-Ha, 110. ISBN 9781897940990. 
  35. ↑ ۳۵.۰ ۳۵.۱ Stewart, I. (2012). Journeys From The Centre Of The Earth. Random House, 198. ISBN 9781448149421. 
  36. ↑ Hooke, N. (1818). The Roman history, from the building of Rome to the ruin of the commonwealth... New ed. Printed for F.C. and J. Rivington, 17. 
  37. ↑ Lemprière, J. (1842). A Classical Dictionary: Containing a Full Account of All the Proper Names Mentioned in Ancient Authors, with Tables of Coins, Weights, and Measures, in Use Among the Greeks and Romans. To which is Now Prefixed, a Chronological Table. T. Allman, 26. 
  38. ↑ Royal Institution of Great Britain (1828). Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature, and the Arts. James Eastburn, 98. 
  39. ↑ Maynard, J. (2005). The Light of Alexandria. Lulu Enterprises Incorporated, 35. ISBN 9781411653351. 
  40. ↑ ۴۰.۰ ۴۰.۱ (1870) The ancient history of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Grecians and Macedonians: including a history of the arts and sciences of the ancients. Harper & Brothers, 286. 
  41. ↑ Pounds, N.J.G. (1976). An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521291262. 
  42. ↑ (2001) The Villa Giulia National Etruscan Museum: Short Guide. L'Erma di Bretschneider. ISBN 9788882650124. 
  43. ↑ ۴۳.۰ ۴۳.۱ ۴۳.۲ ۴۳.۳ ۴۳.۴ ۴۳.۵ Turfa, J.M.I. (2013). The Etruscan World. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781134055302. 
  44. ↑ ۴۴.۰ ۴۴.۱ ۴۴.۲ ۴۴.۳ ۴۴.۴ ۴۴.۵ Pounds, N.J.G. (1976). An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330. Cambridge University Press, 54. ISBN 9780521291262. 
  45. ↑ Roberts, J.M. (1993). A Short History of the World. Oxford University Press, 110. ISBN 9780195115048. 
  46. ↑ p.14-5. Italy: Handbook for Travellers: Southern Italy, Sicily, the Lipari Islands at www.forgottenbooks.com Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  47. ↑ Cramer, J.A. (1826). A Geographical and Historical Description of Ancient Italy. Clarendon, 205. 
  48. ↑ ۴۸.۰ ۴۸.۱ ۴۸.۲ A Companion to Latin Studies. CUP Archive, 356. 
  49. ↑ de Ligt, L. (2012). Peasants, Citizens and Soldiers: Studies in the Demographic History of Roman Italy 225 BC-AD 100. Cambridge University Press, 236. ISBN 9781107013186. 
  50. ↑ Randsborg, K. (1991). The First Millennium AD in Europe and the Mediterranean: An Archaeological Essay. Cambridge University Press, 93. ISBN 9780521387873. 
  51. ↑ ۵۱.۰ ۵۱.۱ ۵۱.۲ (2004) Italy. Cadogan Guides, 11. ISBN 9781860111136. 
  52. ↑ Choirokoitia http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/choirokoitia.html
  53. ↑ Maric, V. (2009). Cyprus. Lonely Planet Publications, 25. ISBN 9781741048032. 
  54. ↑ MobileReference (2011). Travel Cyprus: Illustrated Guide, Greek and Turkish Phrasebooks & Maps (Mobi Travel). MobileReference. ISBN 9781611981247. 
  55. ↑ Bryant, S. (2008). Frommer's Cyprus With Your Family: From the Best Family Beaches to Mountain Villages. Wiley, 161. ISBN 9780470722053. 
  56. ↑ (2010) Cyprus. Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 23. ISBN 9780761448556. 
  57. ↑ Abulafia, D. (2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, USA, 8. ISBN 9780195323344. 
  58. ↑ Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc (1995). The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia. Encyclopaedia Britannica. ISBN 9780852296059. 
  59. ↑ ۵۹.۰ ۵۹.۱ International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe By Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin, Sharon La Boda.
  60. ↑ HarperCollins (Firm) (1988). HarperCollins atlas of archaeology. Borders Press in association with HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN 9780723010050. 
  61. ↑ Rockwood, C. (1997). Fodor's Greece. Fodor's Travel Publications. ISBN 9780679032274. 
  62. ↑ Jarde, A. (2013). The Formation of the Greek People. Taylor & Francis, 217. ISBN 9781136195860. 
  63. ↑ ۶۳.۰ ۶۳.۱ Archive copy at www.trypillia.com Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  64. ↑ ۶۴.۰ ۶۴.۱ ۶۴.۲ ۶۴.۳ http://www.chronikajournal.com/resources/Harper.pdf
  65. ↑ Ministry of Culture and Sports | Dimini at odysseus.culture.gr Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  66. ↑ "The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age". Anthony Harding, Harry Fokkens Oxford University Press: p. 169. 2013. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6ZQeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA169. 
  67. ↑ "Analysis of human remains rewrites the story of Stonehenge". University of York. 2013. http://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2013/stonehenge/. 
  68. ↑ "NEWSLETTER – December 2013". Andrew Morgan, East Dorset Antiquarian Society: p. 2. 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061619/http://www.dorset-archaeology.org.uk/newsletters/2013-12.pdf%20. Retrieved on
    ۱۴ مارچ ۲۰۱۶. 
  69. ↑ Gournia, Minoan Crete Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  70. ↑ (2011) Frommer's Greece Day by Day. Wiley, 246. ISBN 9781118023365. 
  71. ↑ Walsh, J.S.P. (2013). Consumerism in the Ancient World: Imports and Identity Construction. Taylor & Francis, 49. ISBN 9781317812845. 
  72. ↑ World Archaeology News 22 January 2013 at www.archaeology.ws Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  73. ↑ Heuneburg. First city north of the Alps - Current World Archaeology | Manuel Fernandez-Gotz - Academia.edu at www.academia.edu Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  74. ↑ Archive copy at www.swr.de Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  75. ↑ Osborne, R. (2004). Greek History. Routledge, 24. ISBN 9780415317177. 
  76. ↑ Gosden, C. (2004). Archaeology and Colonialism: Cultural Contact from 5000 BC to the Present. Cambridge University Press, 65. ISBN 9780521787956. 
  77. ↑ Ancient Greece and Rome, 1–253. ISBN 9780195170726. 
  78. ↑ Castleden, R. (2012). Knossos Labyrinth: A New View of the `Palace of Minos' at Knossos. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781134967858. 
  79. ↑ Unicity Europe .:|:. Home at www.unicityeuro.com Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  80. ↑ Castleden, R. (2002). Minoans. Taylor & Francis, 68. ISBN 9781134880645. 
  81. ↑ (2013) Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Taylor & Francis, 172. ISBN 9781134259588. 
  82. ↑ Mithen, S. (2012). Thirst: For Water and Power in the Ancient World. Harvard University Press, 77. ISBN 9780674072190. 
  83. ↑ Humphrey, J.W. (2006). Ancient Technology. Greenwood Press, 56. ISBN 9780313327636. 
  84. ↑ ۸۴.۰ ۸۴.۱ (2002) World System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781134571444. 
  85. ↑ ۸۵.۰ ۸۵.۱ ۸۵.۲ Minoans – Life_in_Bronze_Age Crete at s3.amazonaws.com Error: unknown archive URL (archived 3 August 2005)
  86. ↑ Concepts in Urbanization and Early State Formation: The Case of Minoan Crete, v8 | Donald Jones - Academia.edu at www.academia.edu Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  87. ↑ ۸۷.۰ ۸۷.۱ ۸۷.۲ ۸۷.۳ ۸۷.۴ Social Complexity and Population: A Study in the Early Bronze Age Aegean | MacSweeney | Papers from the Institute of Archaeology at www.pia-journal.co.uk Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  88. ↑ 11. NEGLECTING NATURE WORLD ACCUMULATION AND CORE-PERIPHERY RELATIONS, 2500 BC TO AD 1990 Sing C. Chew at abuss.narod.ru Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  89. ↑ THE EARLY HELLADIC GRAVES OF MANIKA : CONTRIBUTION TO THE SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE at www2.ulg.ac.be Error: unknown archive URL (archived 6 November 2007)
  90. ↑ Wesleyan University (Middletown, Conn.). Classics Dept (1988). Old World Archaeology Newsletter. 
  91. ↑ Brünn. Moravské muzeum Oddĕleni pro diluvium "Anthropos". (2001). Anthropologie. Moravské muzeum, Ústav Anthropos.. 
  92. ↑ Thinking the Bronze Age at www.diva-portal.org Error: unknown archive URL (archived 12 February 2007)
  93. ↑ Bintliff, J. (2012). The Complete Archaeology of Greece: From Hunter-Gatherers to the 20th Century A.D.. Wiley, 107. ISBN 9781118255193. 
  94. ↑ Milisauskas, S. (2011). European Prehistory: A Survey. Springer, 182. ISBN 9781441966339. 
  95. ↑ ۹۵.۰ ۹۵.۱ ۹۵.۲ ۹۵.۳ ۹۵.۴ http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=etruscan_studies at scholarworks.umass.edu Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  96. ↑ ۹۶.۰ ۹۶.۱ ۹۶.۲ ۹۶.۳ ۹۶.۴ (2007) Production, Consumption and Society in North Etruria During the Archaic and Classical Periods: The World of Lars Porsenna. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 224. ISBN 9780549558491. 
  97. ↑ Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskab (2000). Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter:. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. ISBN 9788778761774. 
  98. ↑ Coles, B. (1981). Anthropology for Archaeologists: An Introduction. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801413988. 
  99. ↑ Devdeep, S.. The Oneness Revealed. Lulu.com, 63. ISBN 9780557963386. 
  100. ↑ (2014) The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-gatherers. Oxford University Press, 523. ISBN 9780199551224. 
  101. ↑ Price, T.D. (2013). Europe Before Rome: A Site-by-Site Tour of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages. OUP USA, 123. ISBN 9780199914708. 
  102. ↑ Schorn, D. (2008). Elder Gods of Antiquity: First Journal of the Ancient Ones. Ozark Mountain Publishing, Incorporated, 177. ISBN 9781886940994. 
  103. ↑ Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia at www.ucl.ac.uk Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  104. ↑ Archaeological Exhibitions at www.duncancaldwell.com Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  105. ↑ De Puy, W.H. (1887). The New People's Cyclopedia of Universal Knowledge: With Numerous Appendixes Invaluable for Reference in All Departments of Industrial Life .... Eaton & Mains. 
  106. ↑ (2010) A Global History of Architecture. Wiley, 96. ISBN 9781118007396. 
  107. ↑ (1865) Chambers's encyclopaedia: a dictionary of universal knowledge for the people .... Appleton, 151. 
  108. ↑ hol προγράμματα | hellas online at users.hol.gr Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  109. ↑ Bintliff, J. (2012). The Complete Archaeology of Greece: From Hunter-Gatherers to the 20th Century A.D.. Wiley, 58. ISBN 9781118255209. 
  110. ↑ (2001) Greece Before History: An Archaeological Companion and Guide. Stanford University Press, 146. ISBN 9780804740500. 
  111. ↑ (2013) Early Aegean Warrior 5000-1450 BC. Osprey Publishing Limited. ISBN 9781780968605. 
  112. ↑ Aegean Prehistoric Archaeology | This site contains information about the prehistoric archaeology of the Aegean. at projectsx.dartmouth.edu Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  113. ↑ Nielsen, T.H. (2004). Once Again: Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis. Steiner, 22. ISBN 9783515084383. 
  114. ↑ Gates, C. (2011). Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136823275. 
  115. ↑ ۱۱۵.۰ ۱۱۵.۱ Niebuhr, B.G. (1853). Lectures on Ancient Ethography and Geography: Comprising Greece and Her Colonies, Epirus, Macedonia, Illyricum, Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain, the North of Africa, Etc. Walton Maberly, 261. 
  116. ↑ (1812) The Two Last Pleadings of Marcus Tullius Cicero Against Caius Verres. White, Cochrane, and Company, 348. 
  117. ↑ Wiseman, N.P. (1839). The Dublin Review. Tablet Publishing Company, 483. 
  118. ↑ Schneider, W. (1963). Babylon is Everywhere: The City as Man's Fate. McGraw-Hill. 
  119. ↑ Storey, G. (2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. University of Alabama Press, 44. ISBN 9780817352462. 
  120. ↑ De Camp, L.S. (1972). Great cities of the ancient world. Doubleday. 
  121. ↑ Glotz, G. (2013). Ancient Greece at Work. Taylor & Francis, 108. ISBN 9781136195587. 
  122. ↑ Jarde, A. (2013). The Formation of the Greek People. Taylor & Francis, 217. ISBN 9781136195860. 
  123. ↑ (1983) Archaic and Classical Greece: A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation. Cambridge University Press, 317. ISBN 9780521296380. 
  124. ↑ Grant, M. (2012). The Rise Of The Greeks. Orion. ISBN 9781780222752. 
  125. ↑ Tsetskhladze, G.R. (2006). Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas. Brill. ISBN 9789004122048. 
  126. ↑ Durant, W. (2011). The Life of Greece: The Story of Civilization. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781451647587. 
  127. ↑ Harding, A. (2013). Salt in Prehistoric Europe. Sidestone Press, 155. ISBN 9789088902383. 
  128. ↑ Bulgaria archaeologists find Europe's most prehistoric town Provadia-Solnitsata - Telegraph at www.telegraph.co.uk Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  129. ↑ Yasur-Landau, A. (2010). The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age. Cambridge University Press, 111. ISBN 9781139485876. 
  130. ↑ Archaeological Sites of Mycenae and Tiryns - UNESCO World Heritage Centre at whc.unesco.org Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  131. ↑ International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe By Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin and Sharon La Boda.
  132. ↑ The Monuments of Italy: A Regional Survey of Art, Architecture and Archaeology from Classical to Modern Times By Michael Oppenheimer.
  133. ↑ Collier's Encyclopedia, with Bibliography and Index By William Darrach Halsey and Emanuel Friedman.
  134. ↑ The Anthropogene
  135. ↑ The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia By Philip L. Kohl.
  136. ↑ The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors By Christoph Baumer.
  137. ↑ Greece during the Late Bronze Age | Jorrit Kelder - Academia.edu at www.academia.edu Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  138. ↑ Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux (2006). Jaarbericht. 
  139. ↑ A History of Boeotia By Robert J. Buck.
  140. ↑ An Epitome of the Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece: From the Earliest accounts to the death of Augustus By Henry Fynes Clinton.
  141. ↑ Bibliotheca classica; or, A dictionary of all the principal names and terms relating to the geography, topography, history, literature, and mythology of antiquity and of the ancients; with a chronological table. By John Lemprière and John David Ogilby.
  142. ↑ Emerging Complexity - The Later Prehistory of South-East Spain, Iberia and the West Mediterranean By Robert Chapman.
  143. ↑ Los Millares - Chalcolithic Site of Los Millares at archaeology.about.com Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  144. ↑ From Leaders to Rulers By Jonathan Haas.
  145. ↑ Ancient Greek city digitally recreated - Archaeology - Science - The Independent at www.independent.co.uk Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  146. ↑ The Archaeology News Network: Divers to excavate 3500BC underwater city at archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.dk Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  147. ↑ ۱۴۷.۰ ۱۴۷.۱ Roman Census Figures at www.csun.edu Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  148. ↑ ۱۴۸.۰ ۱۴۸.۱ Rome's Mediterranean Empire: Books 41-45 and the Periochae By Livy.
  149. ↑ ۱۴۹.۰ ۱۴۹.۱ https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/13797/Appenduices_Bibliography.pdf?sequence=19 at openaccess.leidenuniv.nl Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  150. ↑ ۱۵۰.۰ ۱۵۰.۱ Cornell (1995) 204-5
  151. ↑ ۱۵۱.۰ ۱۵۱.۱ Floods of the Tiber in Ancient Rome By Gregory S. Aldrete.
  152. ↑ ۱۵۲.۰ ۱۵۲.۱ The History of Human Populations: Forms of growth and decline By P.M.G. Harris.
  153. ↑ ۱۵۳.۰ ۱۵۳.۱ Size and Virtue | Francisco Herreros - Academia.edu at www.academia.edu Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  154. ↑ ۱۵۴.۰ ۱۵۴.۱ JSTOR: An Error Occurred Setting Your User Cookie at www.jstor.org Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  155. ↑ ۱۵۵.۰ ۱۵۵.۱ Warfare and the Army in Early Rome at media.johnwiley.com.au Error: unknown archive URL (archived 11 August 2010)
  156. ↑ (1991) Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. University of Chicago Press, 81. ISBN 9780226034669. 
  157. ↑ Goldsworthy, A. (2013). Caesar's Civil War 49-44 BC. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781135881818. 
  158. ↑ Fulminante, F. (2014). The Urbanisation of Rome andLatium Vetus: From the Bronze Age to the Archaic Era. Cambridge University Press, 123. ISBN 9781107655843. 
  159. ↑ Berthold, R.M. (2009). Rhodes in the Hellenistic Age. Cornell University Press, 55. ISBN 9780801475979. 
  160. ↑ History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon.
  161. ↑ The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History By Rodney Stark.
  162. ↑ Horodowich, E. (2013). A Brief History of Venice. Constable & Robinson Limited. ISBN 9781472107749. 
  163. ↑ ۱۶۳.۰ ۱۶۳.۱ ۱۶۳.۲ ۱۶۳.۳ ۱۶۳.۴ Flood, J. (2006). Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire: A Bio-bibliographical Handbook. De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110912746. 
  164. ↑ Boyle, N. (2008). German Literature: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191578632. 
  165. ↑ ۱۶۵.۰ ۱۶۵.۱ ۱۶۵.۲ (2002) The European Reformation, 1500-1610. Heinemann Educational, 43. ISBN 9780435327101. 
  166. ↑ Scheidel, W. (2012). The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy. Cambridge University Press, 244. ISBN 9781107495562. 
  167. ↑ ۱۶۷.۰ ۱۶۷.۱ McIntosh, T. (1997). Urban Decline in Early Modern Germany: Schwäbisch Hall and Its Region, 1650-1750. University of North Carolina Press, 2. ISBN 9780807850633. 
  168. ↑ Sheehan, J.J. (1993). German History, 1770-1866. Clarendon Press, 74. ISBN 9780198204329. 
  169. ↑ ۱۶۹.۰ ۱۶۹.۱ ۱۶۹.۲ ۱۶۹.۳ Morris, T.A. (2002). Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century. Taylor & Francis, 14. ISBN 9781134748198. 
  170. ↑ ۱۷۰.۰ ۱۷۰.۱ Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec, 270. ISBN 9782760522091. 
  171. ↑ (1834) The Book of Commerce by Sea and Land ... To which are Added a History of Commerce, and a Chronological Table ... Illustrated by a Map and Numerous Engravings. Allen & Ticknor, 173. 
  172. ↑ ۱۷۲.۰ ۱۷۲.۱ The American Travellers' Guides By William Pembroke Fetridge.
  173. ↑ ۱۷۳.۰ ۱۷۳.۱ ۱۷۳.۲ ۱۷۳.۳ ۱۷۳.۴ ۱۷۳.۵ ۱۷۳.۶ ۱۷۳.۷ ۱۷۳.۸ Spruyt, H. (1996). The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. Princeton University Press, 88. ISBN 9780691029108. 
  174. ↑ ۱۷۴.۰۰ ۱۷۴.۰۱ ۱۷۴.۰۲ ۱۷۴.۰۳ ۱۷۴.۰۴ ۱۷۴.۰۵ ۱۷۴.۰۶ ۱۷۴.۰۷ ۱۷۴.۰۸ ۱۷۴.۰۹ ۱۷۴.۱۰ ۱۷۴.۱۱ Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec, 311. ISBN 9782760522091. 
  175. ↑ Hinds, K. (2009). Everyday Life in the Renaissance. Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 78. ISBN 9780761444831. 
  176. ↑ ۱۷۶.۰ ۱۷۶.۱ "The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind" | Svante Fischer - Academia.edu at www.academia.edu Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  177. ↑ (2013) Rick Steves' Provence & the French Riviera. Avalon Travel Publishing. ISBN 9781612388748. 
  178. ↑ Durrell, L. (1994). Provence. Arcade Publishing, 81. ISBN 9781559702478. 
  179. ↑ ۱۷۹.۰ ۱۷۹.۱ ۱۷۹.۲ (1994) An Historical Geography of France. Cambridge University Press, 47. ISBN 9780521322089. 
  180. ↑ Crumley, C. (2013). Regional Dynamics Burgundian Landscapes in Historical Perspective. Elsevier Science, 390. ISBN 9780323144025. 
  181. ↑ ۱۸۱.۰ ۱۸۱.۱ ۱۸۱.۲ ۱۸۱.۳ ۱۸۱.۴ Stark, R. (1996). The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History. Princeton University Press, 131. ISBN 9780691027494. 
  182. ↑ ۱۸۲.۰۰ ۱۸۲.۰۱ ۱۸۲.۰۲ ۱۸۲.۰۳ ۱۸۲.۰۴ ۱۸۲.۰۵ ۱۸۲.۰۶ ۱۸۲.۰۷ ۱۸۲.۰۸ ۱۸۲.۰۹ (1967) The Economy of Expanding Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Cambridge University Press, 82. ISBN 9780521045070. 
  183. ↑ ۱۸۳.۰۰ ۱۸۳.۰۱ ۱۸۳.۰۲ ۱۸۳.۰۳ ۱۸۳.۰۴ ۱۸۳.۰۵ ۱۸۳.۰۶ ۱۸۳.۰۷ ۱۸۳.۰۸ ۱۸۳.۰۹ ۱۸۳.۱۰ ۱۸۳.۱۱ ۱۸۳.۱۲ ۱۸۳.۱۳ ۱۸۳.۱۴ Turner, B.L. (1990). The Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Past 300 Years. Cambridge University Press with Clark University, 104. ISBN 9780521363570. 
  184. ↑ ۱۸۴.۰ ۱۸۴.۱ ۱۸۴.۲ ۱۸۴.۳ Delon, M. (2013). Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment. Taylor & Francis, 370. ISBN 9781135959982. 
  185. ↑ (2013) Life & Work In Medieval Europe. Taylor & Francis, 315. ISBN 9781136196416. 
  186. ↑ Nicholas, D.M. (2014). The Later Medieval City: 1300-1500. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317901877. 
  187. ↑ (2003) Medieval Iberia:. Routledge, 147. ISBN 9780415939188. 
  188. ↑ ۱۸۸.۰ ۱۸۸.۱ The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change By Hendrik Spruyt.
  189. ↑ Dunton, Larkin (1896). The World and Its People. Silver, Burdett, 160. 
  190. ↑ Zuffi, S. (2006). European Art of the Sixteenth Century. J.P. Getty Museum, 181. ISBN 9780892368464. 
  191. ↑ (2013) Introduction to Global Politics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136517372. 
  192. ↑ (2006) IBN JALDUN: STUDIES. Fundación El Legado Andalusí, 193. ISBN 9788496556348. 
  193. ↑ ۱۹۳.۰ ۱۹۳.۱ ۱۹۳.۲ ۱۹۳.۳ ۱۹۳.۴ ۱۹۳.۵ ۱۹۳.۶ ۱۹۳.۷ ۱۹۳.۸ (1834) The merchant's assistant, or, Merchantile instructer: containing a full account of the moneys, coins, weights and measures of the principal trading nations and their colonies, together with their values in United States currency, weights and measures. Hilliard, Gray & Co., 144. 
  194. ↑ (2013) Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Taylor & Francis, 92. ISBN 9781136639449. 
  195. ↑ ۱۹۵.۰ ۱۹۵.۱ (2008) People, Land, and Politics: Demographic Developments and the Transformation of Roman Italy 300 BC-AD 14. Brill, 150. ISBN 9789004171183. 
  196. ↑ ۱۹۶.۰ ۱۹۶.۱ Goff, J.L. (2009). The Birth of Europe. Wiley, 102. ISBN 9781405137263. 
  197. ↑ ۱۹۷.۰۰ ۱۹۷.۰۱ ۱۹۷.۰۲ ۱۹۷.۰۳ ۱۹۷.۰۴ ۱۹۷.۰۵ ۱۹۷.۰۶ ۱۹۷.۰۷ ۱۹۷.۰۸ ۱۹۷.۰۹ ۱۹۷.۱۰ International trade and institutional change at isites.harvard.edu Error: unknown archive URL (archived 30 November 2009)
  198. ↑ Fichtner, P.S. (2009). Historical Dictionary of Austria. Scarecrow Press, 54. ISBN 9780810863101. 
  199. ↑ Beattie, A. (2010). The Danube: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press, 109. ISBN 9780199768356. 
  200. ↑ The Greco-Roman World of the New Testament Era By James S. Jeffers.
  201. ↑ Corinth in Context: Comparative Studies on Religion and Society By Steve Friesen, Daniel N. Schowalter and James Walters.
  202. ↑ Jensen Survey - 2 Volume Set - Old and New Testaments By Irving L. Jensen.
  203. ↑ Morris, L. (1985). The First Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians: An Introduction and Commentary. Inter-Varsity Press, 18. ISBN 9780802800640. 
  204. ↑ ۲۰۴.۰ ۲۰۴.۱ History 303: Populations at www.tulane.edu Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  205. ↑ Europe in 1500 at remus.shidler.hawaii.edu Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  206. ↑ Historical Dictionary of Byzantium By John H. Rosser.
  207. ↑ A Dictionary of the Roman Empire By Matthew Bunson.
  208. ↑ History and Climate Change: A Eurocentric Perspective By Neville Brown.
  209. ↑ A History of Medieval Europe: From Constantine to Saint Louis By R.I. Moore and Robert Ian Moore.
  210. ↑ An Environmental History of Medieval Europe By Richard Hoffmann.
  211. ↑ Medieval Essays (The Works of Christopher Dawson) By Christopher Dawson.
  212. ↑ The Birth of the West: Rome, Germany, France, and the Creation of Europe in the Tenth Century By Paul Collins.
  213. ↑ ۲۱۳.۰ ۲۱۳.۱ ۲۱۳.۲ https://journals.lib.byu.edu/spc/index.php/CCR/article/viewFile/13458/13392 at journals.lib.byu.edu Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  214. ↑ Top 10 Cities of the Year 1000 at geography.about.com Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  215. ↑ ۲۱۵.۰ ۲۱۵.۱ Bruce, S.G. (2010). Ecologies and Economies in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Studies in Environmental History for Richard C. Hoffmann. Brill, 48. ISBN 9789004180079. 
  216. ↑ van Tilburg, C. (2007). Traffic and Congestion in the Roman Empire. Taylor & Francis, 42. ISBN 9781134129751. 
  217. ↑ Dudley, L. (2008). Information Revolutions in the History of the West. Edward Elgar, 26. ISBN 9781848442801. 
  218. ↑ 2010: Köln ist Millionenstadt at www.stadt-koeln.de Error: unknown archive URL (archived 29 September 2010)
  219. ↑ ۲۱۹.۰ ۲۱۹.۱ Holborn, H. (1982). A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation. Princeton University Press, 38. ISBN 9780691007953. 
  220. ↑ Grigg, D.B. (1980). Population Growth and Agrarian Change: An Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press, 128. ISBN 9780521296359. 
  221. ↑ Duffy, S. (2005). Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis, 69. ISBN 9781135948245. 
  222. ↑ Hudson, B.T. (2005). Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic. Oxford University Press, 92. ISBN 9780195162370. 
  223. ↑ (2000) A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 255. ISBN 9788778761774. 
  224. ↑ Firenze, Florence, Tuscany, Italy at www.italyworldclub.com Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  225. ↑ ۲۲۵.۰ ۲۲۵.۱ (2005) Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology. Taylor & Francis, 141. ISBN 9781134636204. 
  226. ↑ ۲۲۶.۰ ۲۲۶.۱ Abu-Lughod, J.L. (1991). Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350. Oxford University Press, 125. ISBN 9780195067743. 
  227. ↑ ۲۲۷.۰ ۲۲۷.۱ Scott, T. (2012). The City-State in Europe, 1000-1600: Hinterland, Territory, Region. OUP Oxford, 17. ISBN 9780199274604. 
  228. ↑ M. Ginatempo L. Sandri “L’Italia delle Città. Sec XIII XVI” Le Lettere 1990
  229. ↑ French: From Dialect to Standard By R. Anthony Lodge.
  230. ↑ (1991) Land, Labour, and Livestock: Historical Studies in European Agricultural Productivity. Manchester University Press, 131. ISBN 9780719031717. 
  231. ↑ (2012) Popular Protest in Late Medieval English Towns. Cambridge University Press, 17. ISBN 9781107027800. 
  232. ↑ Ripley, G. (2012). The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge.... Nabu Press, 235. ISBN 9781276653978. 
  233. ↑ Oppenheimer, P. (2002). Rubens: A Portrait. Cooper Square Press, 43. ISBN 9780815412090. 
  234. ↑ ۲۳۴.۰ ۲۳۴.۱ ۲۳۴.۲ ۲۳۴.۳ (1991) Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. University of Chicago Press, 181. ISBN 9780226034669. 
  235. ↑ (2013) Life & Work In Medieval Europe. Taylor & Francis, 315. ISBN 9781136196416. 
  236. ↑ (2000) The Oxford History of Mexico. Oxford University Press, USA, 31. ISBN 9780195112283. 
  237. ↑ ۲۳۷.۰ ۲۳۷.۱ (2013) Introduction to Global Politics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136517372. 
  238. ↑ ۲۳۸.۰ ۲۳۸.۱ ۲۳۸.۲ ۲۳۸.۳ ۲۳۸.۴ ۲۳۸.۵ (2014) Europe in the Sixteenth Century. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317875864. 
  239. ↑ ۲۳۹.۰ ۲۳۹.۱ (2009) The Making of Urban Europe, 1000-1994. Harvard University Press, 10. ISBN 9780674038738. 
  240. ↑ Allen, W.E.D. (2014). The Ukraine. Cambridge University Press, 38. ISBN 9781107641860. 
  241. ↑ (2014) The First European Description of Japan, 1585: A Critical English-language Edition of Striking Contrasts in the Customs of Europe and Japan by Luis Frois SJ, with a Critical Introduction by Daniel T Reff: A Critical English-Language Edition of Striking Contrasts in the Customs of Europe and Japan by Luis Frois, S.J.. Taylor & Francis, 194. ISBN 9781317917816. 
  242. ↑ (2013) Introduction to Global Politics. Taylor & Francis, 40. ISBN 9781136517389. 
  243. ↑ www.ctcwd.com
  244. ↑ (2007) Money, Markets and Trade in Late Medieval Europe: Essays in Honour of John H.A. Munro. Brill, 375. ISBN 9789004156333. 
  245. ↑ London Population at www.londononline.co.uk Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  246. ↑ Greater London, Inner London Population & Density History at www.demographia.com Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  247. ↑ Self, A. (2014). The Birds of London. A&C Black, 8. ISBN 9781408194041. 
  248. ↑ Major Cities in the Middle Ages | Middle Ages at www.thefinertimes.com Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  249. ↑ (1990) Chapters from The Agrarian History of England and Wales: Volume 4, Agricultural Markets and Trade, 1500-1750. Cambridge University Press, 6. ISBN 9780521368810. 
  250. ↑ Bromwich, J. (2013). The Roman Remains of Northern and Eastern France: A Guidebook. Taylor & Francis, 388. ISBN 9781135103729. 
  251. ↑ ۲۵۱.۰ ۲۵۱.۱ (1983) Roman Cities. University of Wisconsin Press, 176. ISBN 9780299089344. 
  252. ↑ ۲۵۲.۰ ۲۵۲.۱ ۲۵۲.۲ ۲۵۲.۳ ۲۵۲.۴ Bachrach, B. (2013). Charlemagne's Early Campaigns (768-777): A Diplomatic and Military Analysis. Brill, 67. ISBN 9789004244771. 
  253. ↑ ۲۵۳.۰ ۲۵۳.۱ Knecht, R.J. (2002). The French Religious Wars 1562-1598. Osprey, 7. ISBN 9781841763958. 
  254. ↑ (2012) Journal of Medieval Military History. Boydell & Brewer, Limited, 58. ISBN 9781843837473. 
  255. ↑ Western Civilization By Jackson J. Spielvogel.
  256. ↑ Gamrath, H. (2007). Farnese: Pomp, Power and Politics in Renaissance Italy. "L'Erma" di Bretschneider. ISBN 9788882654269. 
  257. ↑ Clark, P. (2009). European Cities and Towns: 400-2000. OUP Oxford, 30. ISBN 9780199562732. 
  258. ↑ Metropolis and Hinterland - The City of Rome and the Italian Economy, 200 BC–AD 200 By Neville Morley.
  259. ↑ Northern Italy, from Alps to Florence By Alta Macadam, Stuart Rossiter, Paul Blanchard, Findlay Muirhead and Luigi Vittorio Bertarelli.
  260. ↑ Vigneron B. (1986) Metz antique: Divodurum Mediomatricorum. Eds. Maisonneuve. ISBN 2-7160-0115-4 سانچہ:Fr
  261. ↑ Peters, G. (2012). The Musical Sounds of Medieval French Cities: Players, Patrons, and Politics. Cambridge University Press, 9. ISBN 9781139576789. 
  262. ↑ Colton, T.J. (1998). Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis. Harvard University Press, 757. ISBN 9780674587496. 
  263. ↑ Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn - Napoli - La Storia at www.szn.it Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  264. ↑ Camper Club la Granda Italia: Home at www.camperclublagranda.it Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  265. ↑ Campagne e città europee nel XVI secolo | babilonia61 at babilonia61.com Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  266. ↑ Tuchman, B.W. (2011). A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century. Random House Publishing Group, 96. ISBN 9780307793690. 
  267. ↑ Marino, J.A. (2010). Becoming Neapolitan: Citizen Culture in Baroque Naples. Johns Hopkins University Press, 36. ISBN 9780801899393. 
  268. ↑ P. Faiella, A.P.M.Z. (2007). Naples. Bonechi. ISBN 9788847621053. 
  269. ↑ The Rebirth of a Communications Network: Europe at the time of the Carolingians By Edda Claus.
  270. ↑ Sear, F. (1983). Roman Architecture. Cornell University Press, 213. ISBN 9780801492457. 
  271. ↑ (2013) Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136639517. 
  272. ↑ The Roman Aqueduct of Nîmes, France at conservationengineers.org Error: unknown archive URL (archived 25 September 2013)
  273. ↑ Late Ancient and Medieval Population By Josiah Cox Russell.
  274. ↑ (2002) Republicanism: Volume 1, Republicanism and Constitutionalism in Early Modern Europe: A Shared European Heritage. Cambridge University Press, 131. ISBN 9780521802031. 
  275. ↑ (1990) That Gentle Strength: Historical Perspectives on Women in Christianity. University Press of Virginia, 142. ISBN 9780813912936. 
  276. ↑ ۲۷۶.۰ ۲۷۶.۱ ۲۷۶.۲ (2000) The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 6, C.1300-c.1415. Cambridge University Press, 104. ISBN 9780521362900. 
  277. ↑ (1995) International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe. Fitzroy Dearborn, 50. ISBN 9781884964022. 
  278. ↑ Clarke, J.R. (1991). The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.-A.D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration. University of California Press, 268. ISBN 9780520084292. 
  279. ↑ Archaeological Rome By Lozzi Roma.
  280. ↑ :: TRAVEL THRU HISTORY - History :: at www.travelthruhistory.com Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  281. ↑ Tigay, A.M. (1994). The Jewish Traveler: Hadassah Magazine's Guide to the World's Jewish Communities and Sights. Jason Aronson, 436. ISBN 9781568210780. 
  282. ↑ Garwood, D. (2009). Mediterranean Europe. Lonely Planet, 467. ISBN 9781741048568. 
  283. ↑ (2013) Introduction to Global Politics. Taylor & Francis, 40. ISBN 9781136517389. 
  284. ↑ Introduction to Global Politics By Richard W. Mansbach and Kirsten L. Taylor.
  285. ↑ Regeneration at www.english.upenn.edu Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  286. ↑ Frassetto, M. (2013). The Early Medieval World: From the Fall of Rome to the Time of Charlemagne [2 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO, 444. ISBN 9781598849967. 
  287. ↑ Kibler, W.W. (1995). Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. Garland Pub., 1316. ISBN 9780824044442. 
  288. ↑ Lodge, R.A. (2013). French. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781134894147. 
  289. ↑ ۲۸۹.۰ ۲۸۹.۱ (2011) Settlement, Urbanization, and Population. OUP Oxford, 148. ISBN 9780199602353. 
  290. ↑ MacArthur, J.F. (1996). Acts 13-28 MacArthur New Testament Commentary. Moody Publishers, 364. ISBN 9781575676005. 
  291. ↑ Scheidel, W. (2012). The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy. Cambridge University Press, 244. ISBN 9781107495562. 
  292. ↑ ۲۹۲.۰ ۲۹۲.۱ (2009) The Making of Urban Europe, 1000-1994. Harvard University Press, 10. ISBN 9780674038738. 
  293. ↑ Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present By Paul Bairoch.
  294. ↑ AD 381: Heretics, Pagans and the Christian State By Charles Freeman.
  295. ↑ Rome in the Age of Enlightenment: The Post-Tridentine Syndrome and the Ancien Régime By Hanns Gross.
  296. ↑ The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, A.D. 200-1000 By Peter Brown.
  297. ↑ Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present By Paul Bairoch.
  298. ↑ The Recurring Dark Ages: Ecological Stress, Climate Changes, and System Transformation (World Ecological Degradation) By Sing C. Chew.
  299. ↑ The Seven Hills of Rome: A Geological Tour of the Eternal City By Grant Heiken, Renato Funiciello and Donatella de Rita.
  300. ↑ Lane, M.Y. (2013). Approach the Throne:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 378. ISBN 9781482705744. 
  301. ↑ Lodge, R.A. (1993). French: From Dialect to Standard. Routledge, 143. ISBN 9780415080712. 
  302. ↑ (1971) Labor and Society in Tsarist Russia: The Factory Workers of St. Petersburg, 1855-1870. Stanford University Press, 49. ISBN 9780804707404. 
  303. ↑ (1991) Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. University of Chicago Press, 161. ISBN 9780226034669. 
  304. ↑ (1998) An Historical Geography of Europe. Clarendon Press, 302. ISBN 9780198741794. 
  305. ↑ Magocsi, P.R. (2010). A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples. University of Toronto Press, 89. ISBN 9781442610217. 
  306. ↑ Golden Horde (ancient division, Mongol Empire) -- Encyclopedia Britannica at www.britannica.com Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  307. ↑ (2012) Art as Politics in Late Medieval and Renaissance Siena. Ashgate, 77. ISBN 9781409400660. 
  308. ↑ Treadgold, W.T. (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press, 702. ISBN 9780804726306. 
  309. ↑ Karl Kaser (2011). The Balkans and the Near East: Introduction to a Shared History. Lit, 196. ISBN 9783643501905. 
  310. ↑ Barber, R. (2004). Once Upon a Time. Sword of the Lord Publishers, 335. ISBN 9780873986397. 
  311. ↑ Wilton, C.C. (2012). The Wilton Translation of the New Testament. Trafford Publishing, 285. ISBN 9781466908567. 
  312. ↑ AntiquitiesCard at www.landesmuseum-trier.de Error: unknown archive URL (archived 8 March 2012)
  313. ↑ LaVerne, F.K.. Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train. Globe Pequot Press, 337. ISBN 9780762761630. 
  314. ↑ Baker, M. (2013). Beyond Our World: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer. Dorrance Publishing Company, 182. ISBN 9781480901872. 
  315. ↑ "The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind" | Svante Fischer - Academia.edu at www.academia.edu Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  316. ↑ Benedict, P. (2005). Cities and Social Change in Early Modern France. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781134892181. 
  317. ↑ Lepage, J.D.G.G. (2010). Castles and Fortified Cities of Medieval Europe: An Illustrated History. McFarland, 275. ISBN 9780786460274. 
  318. ↑ Lot, F. (2013). The End of the Ancient World. Taylor & Francis, 71. ISBN 9781136202339. 
  319. ↑ Dursteler, E. (2013). A Companion to Venetian History, 1400-1797. Brill, 257. ISBN 9789004252523. 
  320. ↑ Abulafia, D. (2004). Italy in the Central Middle Ages. OUP Oxford, 51. ISBN 9780199247042. 
  321. ↑ Miller, M.C. (1993). The Formation of a Medieval Church: Ecclesiastical Change in Verona, 950-1150. Cornell University Press, 7. ISBN 9780801428371. 
  322. ↑ Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective. Transaction Publishers, 202. ISBN 9781412824453. 
  323. ↑ OpenStax CNX at cnx.org Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  324. ↑ Ungewitter, F.H. (1852). Europe,past and Present: A Comprehensive Manual of European Geography and History,[etc.]. G.P.Putnam, 50. 
  325. ↑ Martin, J. (2007). Medieval Russia, 980-1584. Cambridge University Press, 68. ISBN 9780521859165. 
  326. ↑ (2012) Long Term Socio-Ecological Research: Studies in Society-Nature Interactions Across Spatial and Temporal Scales. Springer, 251. ISBN 9789400711778. 
  327. ↑ Unvergängliches Wien: ein Gang durch die Geschichte von der Urzeit bis zur Gegenwart By Karl Ziak.
  328. ↑ (2006) IBN JALDUN: STUDIES. Fundación El Legado Andalusí, 193. ISBN 9788496556348. 
  329. ↑ Life & Work In Medieval Europe By Boissonnade.
  330. ↑ See chapter 5.6.2 (in Dutch) at www.ethesis.net Error: unknown archive URL (archived 1914-11-23)
  331. ↑ (2014) Medieval Flanders. Taylor & Francis, 130. ISBN 9781317901556. 
  332. ↑ (1993) Great Ideas in the History of Surgery. Norman Pub., 130. ISBN 9780930405533. 
  333. ↑ Encyclopedia Americana: Wilmot Proviso to Zygote Scholastic Library Pub., 2006
  334. ↑ Ypres (Belgium) -- Encyclopedia Britannica at global.britannica.com Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
  335. ↑ (1985) The Making of Urban Europe, 1000-1950. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 11. 
اصل شہر
میٹروپولیٹن تھاں
شہری تھاں
شہری ہم بستگی
انتظامی علاقہ
تریخی
رلدے ملدے صفے
"https://pnb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=لسٹ_یورپی_وڈے_تریخی_شہر&oldid=668071" توں لیا