مسیحی ریاست
مسیحی ریاست (انگریزی: Christian state) اک ایسا ملک اے جو مسیحیت دی کسی اک شکل نوں اپنے سرکاری مذہب دے طور اُتے تسلیم کردا اے تے اکثر اس دا اپنا ریاستی کلیسیا ہُندا اے، [۱] جو ملک دا غالب مسیحی فرقہ ہُندا اے جسنوں حکومت کیتی حمایت حاصل ہُندی اے۔ [۲]
تاریخی طور اُتے آرمینیا [۳]، حبشہ (ایتھوپیا) [۴]، جارجیا [۵] تے انہاں دے علاوہ رومی سلطنت تے بازنطینی سلطنت وی خود نوں مسیحی ریاست [۶][۷] قرار دے چکيتیاں نيں۔
اج کئی قوماں باضابطہ طور اُتے خود نوں مسیحی ریاست دے طور شناخت کرواندی نيں یا انہاں دا اپنا ریاستی کلیسیا اے، انہاں وچ ارجنٹائن،[۸] کوسٹاریکا،[۹] ڈنمارک،[۱۰] انگلستان،[۱۱] فارو جزیرے،[۱۲] یونان،[۱۳] گرین لینڈ،[۱۴] آئس لینڈ،[۱۵] لیختینستائن،[۱۶] مالٹا،[۱۷] موناکو،[۱۸] سامووا،[۱۹] ٹونگا،[۲۰] تووالو،[۲۱] ویٹیکن سٹی،[۲۲] تے زیمبیا [۲۳] شامل نيں۔
ریاستی کلیسیا یا سابقہ ریاستی کلیسیا
[سودھو]ہور ویکھو
[سودھو]حوالے
[سودھو]- ↑ Backhouse, Stephen (7 جولائی 2011). Kierkegaard's Critique of Christian Nationalism. اوکسفرڈ یونیورسٹی پریس, 60. ISBN 978-0-19-960472-2. “۔۔۔it is only as an established institution that the Church can fully preserve and promote Christian tradition to the nation. One cannot have a Christian state without a state Church.”
- ↑ Eberle, Edward J. (28 فروری 2013). Church and State in Western Society: Established Church, Cooperation and Separation. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 6. ISBN 978-1-4094-9780-6. “Under the established church approach, the government will assist the state church and likewise the church will assist the government. Religious education is mandated by law to be taught in all schools, public or private.”
- ↑ (1887) The History of Christianity. A. C. Armstrong & Son, 258. “But while Persia fiercely repelled Christianity from its frontier, upon that frontier arose a Christian state. Armenia was the first country which embraced Christianity as the religion of the King, the nobles, and the people.”
- ↑ (13 دسمبر 2010) A Global History of Architecture. John Wiley & Sons, 213. ISBN 978-0-470-40257-3. “In the 4th century, King Ezana converted to Christianity and declared Aksum a Christian state—the first Christian state in the history of the world.”
- ↑ (1 جنوری 1994) An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood Publishing Group, 242. ISBN 978-0-313-27497-8. “Kartli became a Christian state under King Mirian in 337.”
- ↑ Ashby, Warren (4 جولائی 2010). A Comprehensive History Of Western Ethics. Prometheus Books, 152. ISBN 978-1-61592-694-7. “In the Edict of Thessalonica (380) he expressed the imperial "desire" that all Roman citizens should become Christians, the emperor adjudging all other madmen and ordering them to be designated as heretics,۔.۔condemned as such.۔.to suffer divine punishment, and, therewith, the vengeance of that power, which we, by celestial authority, have assumed. There was thus created the "Christian State."”
- ↑ Frucht, Richard C. (2004). Eastern Europe. ABC-CLIO, 627. ISBN 978-1-57607-800-6. “In contrast, the emperor Justinian (527-565) refashioned the eastern part of the Roman Empire into a strong and dynamic Byzantine Empire, which claimed Bosnia-Hercegovina, among other provinces. The Byzantine Empire became the world's predominant Christian state, based on Roman law, Greek culture, and the Greek language.”
- ↑ Argentina at www.britannica.com Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
- ↑ (2009) Israel and the Family of Nations: The Jewish Nation-state and Human Rights. Taylor & Francis, 215. ISBN 978-0-415-46441-3. “Thus the Constitution of Costa Rica, which is considered a model of stable democracy in Latin America, states in Article 75: The Roman Catholic and Apostolic Religion is the religion of the State, which contributes to its maintenance, without preventing the free exercise in the Republic of other forms of worship that are not opposed to universal morality or good customs.”
- ↑ Shadid, W. A. R. (1 جنوری 1995). Religious Freedom and the Position of Islam in Western Europe. Peeters Publishers, 11. ISBN 9789039000656. “Denmark has declared the Evangelical Lutheran church to be that national church (par. 4 of the Constitution)، which corresponds the fact that 91.5% of the population are registered members of this church. This declaration implies that the Danish State does not take a neutral stand in religious matters. Nevertheless, freedom of religion has been incorporated in the Constitution. Nielsen (1992, 77) gives a short description of the position of the minority religious communities in comparison to that of the State Church: The Lutheran established church is a department of the state. Church affairs are government by a central government ministry, and clergy are government employees. The registration of births, deaths and marriages falls under this ministry of church affairs, and normally speaking the local Lutheran pastor is also the official registrar. The other small religious communities, viz. Roman Catholics, Methodists, Baptists and Jews, have the constitutional status of 'recognised communities of faith'۔ … Contrary to the minority religious communities, the Lutheran Church is fully financed by the Danish State.”
- ↑ Joppke, Christian (3 مئی 2013). Veil. John Wiley & Sons, 1. ISBN 978-0-7456-5857-5.
- ↑ Faroe Islands in figures 2015 Statistics Faroe Island
- ↑ Jiang, Qing (2012). A Confucian Constitutional Order. Princeton University Press, 221. ISBN 978-0-691-15460-2. “The features of the state affect the essence of the state, but the key term is that of historical identity, hence this chapter concentrates on historical identity as the essence of the state, though at times some of the other features will also be referred to. For instance, ancient Greece has now become an Orthodox Christian state. Ancient Persia (Iran) has now become a Muslim state, and the ancient Buddhist states of the Silk Route have also become Islamic states.”
- ↑ Constitution of Denmark at www.parliament.am Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
- ↑ Melton, J. Gordon (1 جنوری 2005). Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Infobase Publishing, 283. ISBN 978-0-8160-6983-5.
- ↑ Fox, Jonathan (19 مئی 2008). A World Survey of Religion and the State. Cambridge University Press, 119. ISBN 978-1-139-47259-3. “Liechtenstein's constitution designates the Catholic Church as the state Church and guarantees religious freedom. Article 38 provides protection for the property rights of all religious institutions and states that "the administration of church property in the parishes shall be regulated by a specific law; the agreement of church authorities shall be sought before the law is enacted." Article 16 states that religious instruction in public schools "shall be given by church authorities."”
- ↑ Chapter 1 – The Republic of Malta at www.legal-malta.com Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
- ↑ CONSTITUTION DE LA PRINCIPAUTE at the وے بیک مشین (archived ستمبر 27, 2011) (French): Art. 9.، Principaute De Monaco: Ministère d'Etat (archived from the original on 27 ستمبر 2011)۔
- ↑ Wyeth, Grant (جون 16, 2017). "Samoa Officially Becomes a Christian State". The Diplomat. http://thediplomat.com/2017/06/samoa-officially-becomes-a-christian-state/.
- ↑ Fodor's (12 فروری 1986). Fodor's South Pacific. Fodor's. ISBN 978-0-679-01307-5. “As King George I of Tonga, Tupou created the "modern" Christian state with the Cross dominating its flag, and with the rigorous constitutional clause regulating observation of the Sabbath.”
- ↑ Temperman, Jeroen (2010). State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law. Brill Academic Publishers, 18. ISBN 9789004181489. “The Constitution of Tuvalu in a similar vein constitutes Tuvalu as "an independent State based on Christian principles.۔.and Tuvaluan custom and tradition"; and also the Constitution of Vanuatu proclaims in its Preamble: "[we] HEREBY proclaim the establishment of the united and free Republic of Vanuatu founded on traditional Melanesian values, faith in God, and Christian principles.۔."”
- ↑ Temperman, Jeroen (2010). State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law. Brill Academic Publishers, 18. ISBN 9789004181489. “The Roman Catholic State of Vatican City is, of course, the best contemporary example of a Christian state. The State of Vatican City, originally established by the Lateran Pacts of 1929, approximates most faithfully the ideal-typical conception of theocratic Roman Catholic state. The Pope is ex officio simultaneously leader of the Roman Catholic Church as well as Head of State and Head of the Government of the State of the Vatican City; he also possesses (de jure) absolute authority over the legislative, executive and judicial branches. Practically all acts and policies of the Vatican City revolve around the interests of the Holy See and, apart from the members of the Pontifical Swiss Guard, virtually all inhabitants of the Vatican City are members of the clergy.”
- ↑ Jenkins, Philip (11 اگست 2011). The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity. Oxford University Press, 187. ISBN 978-0-19-991153-0.
- ↑ John Gunter, Inside Latin America (1941), p. 166
- 1 2 Archived 2017-10-02 at the وے بیک مشین THE CONSTITUTION OF GREECE: SECTION II RELATIONS OF CHURCH AND STATE: Article 3, Hellenic Resources network Archived 2017-08-01 at the وے بیک مشین.
- ↑ Archived 2017-10-02 at the وے بیک مشین THE CONSTITUTION OF GREECE: PART TWO INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL RIGHTS: Article 13
- ↑ Constitution of the Republic of Hungary at the وے بیک مشین (archived 20 February 2008) (archived from the original on 2008-02-20)
- ↑ The right of thought, the freedom of conscience and religion –Hungary.hu at the وے بیک مشین (archived 23 May 2007) (archived from the original on 2007-05-23)
- 1 2 (2013-09-12) "Ireland", The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press, 286. ISBN 978-0-19-965962-3. Retrieved on 3 December 2014.
- ↑ CONSTITUTION OF IRELAND at www.irishstatutebook.ie Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
- ↑ (2007-01-01) The Making of the Irish Constitution 1937: Bunreacht Na HÉireann. Mercier Press, 172. ISBN 978-1-85635-561-2.
- ↑ Fifth Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1972. at www.irishstatutebook.ie Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
- ↑ Constitution Religion at the وے بیک مشین (archived 26 March 2009) (archived from the original on 2009-03-26).
- ↑ Norway's church and state to divorce after almost 500 years at christiandaily.com Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing])
- ↑ 2017 – et kirkehistorisk merkeår at kirken.no Error: unknown archive URL (archived 2017-12-30)
- ↑ Under the 1967 Constitution, Roman Catholicism was the state religion as stated in Article 6: "The Roman Catholic Apostolic religion is the state religion, without prejudice to religious freedom, which is guaranteed in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution. Official relations of the republic with the Holy See shall be governed by concordats or other bilateral agreements." The 1992 Constitution, which replaced the 1967 one, establishes Paraguay as a secular state, as mentioned in section (1) of Article 24: "Freedom of religion, worship, and ideology is recognized without any restrictions other than those established in this Constitution and the law. The State has no official religion."
- ↑ The modern Church of Scotland has always disclaimed recognition as an "established" church. The Church of Scotland Act 1921 formally recognised the Kirk's independence from the state.
- ↑ Brazilian Laws – the Federal Constitution – The Organization of State. V-brazil.com. Retrieved 5 May 2012. برازیل had کاتھولک کلیسیا as the state religion from the country's independence, in 1822, until the fall of the سلطنت برازیل. The new Republican government passed, in 1890, Decree 119-A Decreto 119-A at www.planalto.gov.br Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing]) (still in force), instituting the separation of church and state for the first time in Brazilian law. مثبتیت thinker Demétrio Nunes Ribeiro urged the new government to adopt this stance. The 1891 Constitution, the first under the Republican system of government, abolished privileges for any specific religion, reaffirming the separation of church and state. This has been the case ever since – the 1988 Constitution of Brazil, currently in force, does so in its Nineteenth Article. The Preamble to the Constitution does refer to "God's protection" over the document's promulgation, but this is not legally taken as endorsement of belief in any deity.
- ↑ In France the Concordat of 1801 made the Roman Catholic, کالوینیت and لوتھریت churches state-sponsored religions, as well as یہودیت.
- ↑ In Hungary the constitutional laws of 1848 declared five established churches on equal status: the کاتھولک کلیسیا, کالوینیت, لوتھریت, مشرقی راسخ الاعتقاد کلیسیا and توحید پرستی (مسیحیت) Church. In 1868 the law was ratified again after the Ausgleich. In 1895 یہودیت was also recognized as the sixth established church. In 1948 every distinction between the different denominations were abolished.[۲۷][۲۸]
- ↑ In the مملکت آئرلینڈ the کلیسیائے آئرلینڈ was established in the Reformation.[۲۹] The Act of Union 1800 created the متحدہ مملکت برطانیہ عظمی و آئر لینڈ with the کلیسیائے انگلستان established outside Scotland. The Irish Church Act 1869 demerged and disestablished the Church of Ireland,[۲۹] and the island was تقسیم آئرلینڈ.
- ↑ The Republic of Ireland's 1937 constitution prohibits an established religion.[۳۰] Originally, it recognized the "special position" of the Roman Catholic Church "as the guardian of the Faith professed by the great majority of the citizens", and recognized "the کلیسیائے آئرلینڈ, the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, the Methodist Church in Ireland, the Religious Society of Friends in Ireland, as well as the Jewish Congregations and the other religious denominations existing in Ireland at the date of the coming into operation of this Constitution".[۳۱] These provisions were deleted in 1973.[۳۲]
- ↑ The Philippines was among several possessions ceded by ہسپانیہ to the United States in 1898; religious freedom was subsequently guaranteed in the archipelago. This was codified in the Philippine Organic Act (1902), section 5: "... That no law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, and that the free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed." A similarly-worded provision still exists in the present Constitution. Catholicism remains the predominant religion, wielding considerable political and cultural influence.
- ↑ Article 25 of the constitution states: "1. Churches and other religious organizations shall have equal rights. 2. Public authorities in the Republic of Poland shall be impartial in matters of personal conviction". Article 114 of the Polish March Constitution of 1921 declared the Roman Catholic Church to hold "the principal position among religious denominations equal before the law" (in reference to the idea of first among equals). The article was continued in force by article 81 of the April Constitution of 1935. The Soviet-backed PKWN Manifesto of 1944 reintroduced the March Constitution, which remained in force until it was replaced by the Small Constitution of 1947.
- ↑ The Church in Wales was split from the کلیسیائے انگلستان in 1920, by Welsh Church Act 1914; at the same time becoming disestablished.
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