جرمن ایجادات تے دریافتاں دی لسٹ
"اج جو دنیا اے ، چنگا تے برا ، اس دا گٹین برگ دا مقروض اے۔ ہر چیز دا سراغ اس وسیلہ توں مل سکدا اے ، لیکن اسيں اسنوں خراج عقیدت پیش کرنے دے پابند نيں ،… اس برے بدلے جو اس دی زبردست ایجاد ہوئی اے۔ دے بارے وچ اک بار اس بھلائی دی طرف توں ہزار بار ساایہ کیہ جاندا اے جس دی مدد توں انسانیت دی طرف توں احسان کيتا گیا اے۔ "
جرمنی دی ایجادات تے دریافتاں جرمنی وچ یا بیرون ملک جرمنی دے کسی شخص (یا جرمنی وچ پیدا ہونے والا ، غیر جرمن والدین سمیت - یا بیرون ملک پیدا ہونے والے) دے ذریعہ جزوی طور اُتے یا مکمل طور اُتے ایجاد شدہ ، اختراع شدہ یا دریافت کردہ آئیڈیاز ، اشیاء ، عمل یا تکنیک نيں۔ گھٹ توں گھٹ اک جرمن والدین دے نال تے جو جرمنی وچ اپنی تعلیم یا کیریئر دی اکثریت رکھدے سن )۔ اکثر اوقات ، پہلی بار دریافت ہونے والی چیزاں نوں ایجادات وی کہیا جاندا اے تے بوہت سارے معاملات وچ ، دونے دے وچکار کوئی واضح لکیر موجود نئيں اے۔
جرمنی وچ بوہت سارے مشہور موجد ، ڈسکولرز تے انجینئراں دا گھر رہیا اے ، جنہاں وچ کارل وان لنڈے وی شامل نيں ، جنھاں نے جدید ریفریجریٹر تیار کيتا سی۔ [۲] پال نپکو ، جس نے اپنی نپکو ڈسک توں ٹیلیویژن دی بنیاد رکھی سی۔ [۳] ہان گیگر ، گیجر کاؤنٹر دا خالق۔ تے کونراڈ زیوس ، جنہاں نے پہلا مکمل طور اُتے خودکار ڈیجیٹل کمپیوٹر ( زیڈ 3 ) تے پہلا تجارتی ڈیجیٹل کمپیوٹر ( زیڈ 4 ) بنایا۔ [۴][۵] اس طرح دے جرمن موجد ، انجینئر تے صنعتکار جداں کاؤنٹ فرڈینینڈ وان زپیلین ، [۶] اوٹو لیلیینتھل ، گوٹلیب ڈیملر ، روڈولف ڈیزل ، ہوگو جنکرز تے کارل بینز نے جدید آٹوموٹو تے ہوائی آوا جائی دی ٹکنالوجی دی تشکیل وچ مدد کيتی۔ ایرو اسپیس انجینئر ورنھر وون براون نے پہینی خلائی راکٹ پیینی مینڈے وچ تیار کيتا تے بعد وچ ناسا دا ممتاز ممبر سی تے سنیچر وی مون راکٹ تیار کيتا۔ برقی مقناطیسی تابکاری دے میدان وچ ہنرک روڈولف ہرٹز دا کم جدید ٹیلی مواصلات دی ترقی دے لئی اہم سی۔ [۷]
البرٹ آئن اسٹائن نے بالترتیب 1905 تے 1915 وچ روشنی تے کشش ثقل دے لئےخصوصی رشتہ تے عمومی نسبت و نظریات نوں متعارف کرایا۔ میکس پلانک دے نال ، اوہ کوانٹم میکینکس دی تعارف وچ اہم کردار ادا کردے رہے ، جس وچ ورنر ہائسنبرگ تے میکس بورن نے بعد وچ وڈی شراکت وچ حصہ لیا۔ [۸] ولہیم رینٹجن نے ایکس رے دریافت کيتیاں ۔ اوٹو ہن ریڈیو کیمسٹری دے شعبےآں وچ علمبردار سن تے انھاں نے جوہری حصہ دریافت کيتا سی ، جدوں کہ فرڈینینڈ کوہن تے رابرٹ کوچ مائکرو بایولوجی دے بانی سن ۔
جنگم نما پرنٹنگ پریس 15 ويں صدی وچ جرمن لوہار جوہانس گٹین برگ نے ایجاد دی سی۔ 1997 وچ ، ٹائم لائف میگزین نے گٹین برگ دی ایجاد نوں دوسرے ہزار سالہ دے اہم ترین انتخاب دے طور اُتے منتخب کيتا۔ [۹] 1998 وچ ، اے اینڈ ای نیٹ ورک نے گوٹن برگ نوں انہاں دی "سوانح حیات دی ہزار سال" گنتی اُتے دوسرے ہزاریے دے سب توں بااثر شخص دے طور اُتے درجہ دتا۔
ذیل وچ ایجادات ، اختراعات یا دریافتاں دی لسٹ اے جنہاں نوں جرمن سمجھیا جاندا اے یا عام طور اُتے پہچانا جاندا اے۔
اناٹومی
[سودھو]- 17 ويں صدی: وارسن ڈکٹ دی پہلی وضاحت جوہان جارج ورسنگ [۱۰]
- 1720: ابراہیم ویٹر دے ذریعہ واٹر دے ایمپلا دی دریافت [۱۱]
- 1745: لیبرکحن دے خفیہ اطلاعات دی پہلی وضاحت جوہان ناتھنیل لیبرکحن [۱۲]
- 19 ويں صدی: لیوپولڈ آورباچ دے ذریعہ اوربچ دے عارضے دی پہلی وضاحت [۱۳]
- 19 ويں صدی: جارج میسیسنر دے ذریعہ مییسنر دے عارضہ دی پہلی وضاحت [۱۴]
- 19 ويں صدی: تھیوڈور شوان دے ذریعہ پردیی اعصابی نظام وچ شوان خلیاں دی دریافت [۱۵]
- 1836: تھیوڈور شوان دے ذریعہ پیپسن دی دریافت تے مطالعہ [۱۶]
- 1840: پولیوومیلائٹس ( ہائن میڈین بیماری ) دے بارے وچ پہلی میڈیکل رپورٹ ، تے اس بیماری نوں کلینیکل ہستی دے طور اُتے تسلیم کرنے والی پہلی ، جیکوب ہائن
- 1852: جارج میسنر تے روڈولف ویگنر دے ذریعہ سپرش رسانی دی پہلی تفصیل [۱۷]
- 1868: پال لینگرہنس دے ذریعہ لنجرہنس سیل دی دریافت [۱۸]
- 1869: پال لینگرہنس دے ذریعہ لنجرہنس دے جزیراں دی دریافت [۱۹]
- 1875: فریڈرک سگمنڈ مرکل دے ذریعہ مرکل سیل دی پہلی وضاحت [۲۰]
- 1882: برلن وچ کارل لینجینبچ دے ذریعہ پہلا کامیاب کولیکسٹکٹومی [۲۱]
- 1906: الیزیم الزھیر دے ذریعہ الزھائیمر کی بیماری دی دریافت [۲۲]
- 1909: کوربینی بروڈمین دے ذریعہ بروڈمین دے علاقےآں دی پہلی وضاحت [۲۳]
- 1977: گونٹھر وان ہیگنز دے ذریعہ پلاسٹینیشن [۲۴]
جانور
[سودھو]- 1907: Modern zoo (Tierpark Hagenbeck) by Carl Hagenbeck in Hamburg[۲۵]
- 1916: Guide dog; the world's first training school, established by Dr. Gerhard Stalling in Oldenburg[۲۶]
- 1825: Rhamphorhynchus طرف سموئیل سیمس وون Sömmerring [۲۷]
- 1834: Plateosaurus نیڑے یوہان فریڈرک Engelhardt دی طرف توں نیورمبرگ ، دی طرف توں 1837 وچ بیان ہرمن وان میئر [۲۸]
- 1856: نئیےنڈرتل 1 نزدیک ڈیزلڈارف [۲۹]
- 1856–1857: پہلی وضاحت نئیےنڈرتل دی طرف جوہان کارل Fuhlrott تے ہرمین Schaaffhausen [۳۰]
- 1860: اسٹارٹ گارٹ دے نیڑے سکریٹ فریڈرک جکوب وون کف کے ذریعہ ٹیراٹوسورس ، 1861 وچ ہرمن وان میئر دے ذریعہ بیان ہويا [۳۱]
- 1861: سولہوفین کے نیڑے ہرمن وان میئر دے ذریعہ آثار قدیمہ [۳۲]
- 1868–1879: ٹرائے دی طرف ہینرچ شلائیمان [۳۳]
- c 1900: گورڈیم از الفریڈ تے گوستااو کیرٹ [۳۴]
- 1906–1913: ہٹوسوہ از ہیوگو ونکلر [۳۵]
- 1908: ہیڈل برگ دے نیڑے ڈینیئل ہارٹمن تے اوٹو شوٹنسک کیذریعہ ہومو ہیڈیلبرجینس [۳۶]
- 1912: لوڈویگ بورچارڈ دے ذریعہ نیفیرٹیٹی ٹُٹ
- 1915: تفصیل Spinosaurus ، وڈا معلوم theropod دی طرف ارنسٹ Stromer [۳۷]
- 1925: Stomatosuchus ارنسٹ Stromer کر [۳۸]
- 1931: تفصیل Carcharodontosaurus ارنسٹ Stromer کر [۳۹]
- 1932: ارنسٹروومر کے ذریعہ ایمزائسوسورس [۴۰]
- 1934: بہاریاسورس بذریعہ ارنسٹ اسٹومر [۴۱]
- 1991: اٹزی بذریعہ ہیلمٹ تے ایریکا سائمن نیورمبرگ
آرٹس
[سودھو]- 15 ويں صدی: ہاؤس بوک ماسٹر دی طرف توں ڈرائی پوائنٹ ، اک جنوبی جرمن آرٹسٹ [۴۲]
- 1525: رے ٹریسنگ از البریچٹ ڈائر [۴۳]
- 1642: Mezzotint طرف لڈوگ وون سیجن [۴۴]
- 1708: Meissen نے چینی مٹی دے برتن ، پہلا یورپی مشکل پیسٹ چینی مٹی دے برتن ، دی طرف توں Ehrenfried والتھر وون Tschirnhaus وچ Meissen نے [۴۵]
- 1810: تھیوری دا رنگ بذریعہ جوہان ولف گینگ گوئٹے [۴۶]
- ابتدائی 1900s: جدیدیت پسند تحریک اظہار رائے [۴۷]
- 1919: باہاس طرف والٹر Gropius [۴۸]
فلکیات
[سودھو]- 1609–1619: کیہلر کے سیارےآں دی حرکت دے قوانین جوہانس کیپلر [۴۹]
- 1781: دا انکشاف یورینس ، اس دے وڈے چاند دے دو (کے نال وچ Titania تے اوبیرون )، جرمن نژاد طرف ولیم ہرشل [۵۰]
- 1846: جوہن گالے دے ذریعہ نیپچون دی دریافت [۵۱]
- 1902: ڈسکوری دا کرہ طرف رچرڈ Assmann [۵۲]
- 1909: تھیوڈور ولف دے ذریعہ کائناتی کرن دی دریافت [۵۳]
- 1916: کارل شوارزچائلڈ دے ذریعہ شوارزچلڈ میٹرک [۵۴] تے شوارزچلڈ رداس [۵۵]
حیاتیات ، جینیاتیات تے میموری
[سودھو]- 1759: میسونفروس دی تفصیل از کیسپار فریڈرک وولف [۵۶]
- توں 1790s: Recapitulation نظریہ طرف یوہان فریڈرک Meckel تے کارل فریڈرک Kielmeyer [۵۷]
- 1790s دی دہائی دے آخر / 1800s دے اوائل وچ : اسيں Alexander بوڈسٹین سائنس از الیگزینڈر وان ہمبولٹ [۵۸]
- 1834: سکندر وان ہمبلڈٹ دی ابتدائی دریافت دے بعد ، فرانز میئن دے ہمبولڈ پینگوئن [۵۹]
- 1835: سیل ڈویژن از از ہیوگو وان محل [۶۰]
- 1835: ہیوگو وان محل دے ذریعہ مائٹوسس دی دریافت تے وضاحت [۶۱]
- 1839: سیل نظریہ طرف تھیوڈور Schwann دے تے متیاہ جیکب Schleiden (سے شراکت دے نال روڈولف Virchow ) [۶۲]
- 1840: فریڈرک لڈوگ ہینفیلڈ دے ذریعہ ہیموگلوبن دی دریافت [۶۳]
- 1845: کارل ریکنباچ دے ذریعہ اوڈک فورس [۶۴]
- 1851: پودےآں دی زندگی وچ عام اصول دے طور اُتے نسلاں دے ردوبدل دی دریافت ولہیلم ہوفمیسٹر [۶۵]
- 1876: ڈسکوری تے دی تفصیل انتصاف طرف آسکر Hertwig [۶۶]
- 1880 دی دہائی: رابرٹ کوچ [۶۷] ذریعہ بیکٹیریا
- 19th صدی دے آخر: دے "nuclein" غیر پروٹین جزو وکھ تھلگ، دی کیمیائی ساخت دا تعین کرنے nucleic ایسڈ ، تے بعد وچ اس دے پنج بنیادی تھلگ nucleobases طرف Albrecht دے Kossel
- 1885: وکر بھُل تے سیکھنے وکر طرف ہرمن Ebbinghaus [۶۸]
- 1888: تھیوڈور بووری دے ذریعہ سینٹروسوم دی تفصیل تے ناں دینا [۶۹]
- 1890: رچرڈ الٹیمن دے ذریعہ مائٹوکونڈرائن دی تفصیل [۷۰]
- 1892: اگست ویز مین تک ویس مین رکاوٹ تے جراثیم پلازم [۷۱]
- 1908: ہارڈی – وینبرگ اصول ولہیم وینبرگ [۷۲]
- 1928: سیلمر آسچیم تے برنارڈ زونڈک دے ذریعہ حمل دا پہلا معتبر امتحان [۷۳]
- 1928: مصنوعی کلوننگ دی طرف حیاتیات دے ہنس Spemann تے Hilde دی Mangold [۷۴]
- 1932: کرٹ ہینسیلیٹ تے ہنس ایڈولف کریب دے ذریعہ یوریا سائیکل [۷۵]
- 1937: ہنس ایڈولف کربس دے ذریعہ سائٹرک ایسڈ سائیکل [۷۶]
- 1974: پہلا جینیاتی طور اُتے تبدیل شدہ جانور (ماؤس) از روڈولف جینیش [۷۷]
کیمسٹری
[سودھو]- 1625: Glauber's salt by German-born Johann Rudolf Glauber[۷۸]
- 1669: Discovery of phosphorus by Hennig Brand in Hamburg[۷۹]
- 1706: Prussian blue by Heinrich Diesbach in Berlin[۸۰]
- 1724: Temperature scale Fahrenheit by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit[۸۱]
- 1746: Basic theory of isolating zinc by Andreas Marggraf[۸۲]
- c. 1770 – c. 1785: Identification of molybdenum, tungsten, barium and chlorine by Carl Wilhelm Scheele[۸۳]
- 1773 or earlier: discovery of oxygen (although Joseph Priestley published his findings first) by Carl Wilhelm Scheele[۸۴]
- 1789: Discovery of the elements uranium[۸۵] and zirconium[۸۶] by Martin Heinrich Klaproth
- 1799: Production of sugar from sugar beets, the beginning of the modern sugar industry,[۸۷] by Franz Karl Achard, after foundations were laid by Andreas Marggraf[۸۸]
- 19th century: Eupione by Carl Reichenbach[۸۹]
- 1817: Discovery of cadmium by Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer[۹۰]
- 1820s: Oechsle scale by Ferdinand Oechsle[۹۱]
- 1823: Döbereiner's lamp, often hailed as the first lighter,[۹۲][۹۳] by Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner
- 1828: Discovery of creosote by Carl Reichenbach[۹۴]
- 1828, 1893: Isolation (1828) of nicotine by Wilhelm Heinrich Posselt and Karl Ludwig Reimann.[۹۵] The structure (1893) of nicotine was later discovered by Adolf Pinner and Richard Wolffenstein[۹۶]
- 1828: Synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler (Wöhler synthesis)[۹۷]
- 1830: Creation of paraffin wax by Carl Reichenbach
- 1832: Discovery of pittacal by Carl Reichenbach[۹۸]
- 1834: Melamine by Justus von Liebig[۹۹]
- 1834: Discovery of phenol by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge
- 1836 (or 1837): Discovery of diatomaceous earth (Kieselgur in German) by Peter Kasten on the northern slopes of the Haußelberg hill, in the Lüneburg Heath in North Germany[۱۰۰]
- 1838: Fuel cell by Christian Friedrich Schönbein[۱۰۱]
- 1839: Discovery of ozone by Christian Friedrich Schönbein[۱۰۲]
- 1839, 1930: Discovery of polystyrene by Eduard Simon, was made a commercial product by IG Farben in 1930[۱۰۳]
- c. 1840: Nitrogen-based fertiliser by Justus von Liebig,[۱۰۴] important innovations were later made by Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch (Haber process) in the 1900s
- 1846: Discovery of guncotton by Christian Friedrich Schönbein[۱۰۵]
- 1850s: Siemens-Martin process by Carl Wilhelm Siemens[۱۰۶]
- c. 1855: Bunsen burner by Robert Bunsen and Peter Desaga[۱۰۷]
- 1855: Chromatography by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge[۱۰۸]
- 1857: Siemens cycle by Carl Wilhelm Siemens[۱۰۹]
- 1859: Pinacol coupling reaction by Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig[۱۱۰]
- 1860–61: Discovery of caesium and rubidium by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff[۱۱۱]
- 1860: Erlenmeyer flask by Emil Erlenmeyer[۱۱۲]
- 1863–64: Discovery of indium by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter[۱۱۳][۱۱۴][۱۱۵]
- 1863: First synthesis of Trinitrotoluene (TNT) by Julius Wilbrand[۱۱۶]
- 1864: First synthesis of barbiturate by Adolf von Baeyer, first marketed by Bayer under the name "<i id="mwAw4">Veronal</i>" in 1903[۱۱۷]
- 1865: Synthetic indigo dye by Adolf von Baeyer, first marketed by BASF in 1897[۱۱۸]
- c. 1870: Brix unit by Adolf Brix[۱۱۹]
- 1872: Synthesis of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) by Eugen Baumann[۱۲۰]
- 1877: Poly(methyl methacrylate) by Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig, was made a commercial product (Plexiglas) by Otto Röhm in 1933[۱۲۱]
- 1882: Tollens' reagent by Bernhard Tollens[۱۲۲]
- 1883: Claus process by Carl Friedrich Claus[۱۲۳]
- 1884: Paal–Knorr synthesis by Carl Paal and Ludwig Knorr[۱۲۴]
- 1885–1886: Discovery of germanium by Clemens Winkler[۱۲۵]
- 1887: Petri dish by Julius Richard Petri
- 1888: Büchner flask and Büchner funnel by Ernst Büchner[۱۲۶]
- 1895: Hampson–Linde cycle by Carl von Linde
- 1897: Galalith by Wilhelm Krische[۱۲۷]
- 1898: Polycarbonate by Alfred Einhorn, was made an commercial product by Hermann Schnell at Bayer in 1953 in Uerdingen[۱۲۸]
- 1898: Synthesis of polyethylene, the most common plastic, by Hans von Pechmann[۱۲۹]
- 1898: First synthesis of purine by Emil Fischer. He had also coined the word in 1884.[۱۳۰]
- Early 20th century: Schlenk flask by Wilhelm Schlenk[۱۳۱]
- 1900s: Haber process by Carl Bosch and Fritz Haber
- 1902: Ostwald process by Wilhelm Ostwald[۱۳۲]
- 1903: First commercially successful decaffeination process by Ludwig Roselius (later of Café HAG), after foundations were laid by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge in 1820[۱۳۳]
- 1907: Thiele tube by Johannes Thiele[۱۳۴]
- 1913: Coal liquefaction (Bergius process) by Friedrich Bergius[۱۳۵][۱۳۶]
- 1913: Identification of protactinium by Oswald Helmuth Göhring[۱۳۷]
- 1925: Discovery of rhenium by Otto Berg, Ida Noddack and Walter Noddack[۱۳۸]
- 1928: Diels–Alder reaction by Kurt Alder and Otto Diels[۱۳۹]
- 1929: Discovery of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by Karl Lohmann[۱۴۰]
- 1929: Creation of styrene-butadiene (synthetic rubber) by Walter Bock[۱۴۱]
- 1935: Karl Fischer titration by Karl Fischer[۱۴۲]
- 1937: Creation of polyurethane by Otto Bayer at IG Farben in Leverkusen[۱۴۳]
- 1953: Ziegler–Natta catalyst by Karl Ziegler[۱۴۴]
- 1954: Wittig reaction by Georg Wittig[۱۴۵]
- 1981–1996: Discovery and creation of bohrium by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt[۱۴۶]
- 1982: Discovery and creation of meitnerium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research[۱۴۷]
- 1984: Discovery and creation of hassium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research
- 1994: Discovery and creation of darmstadtium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research[۱۴۸]
- 1994: Discovery and creation of roentgenium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research[۱۴۹]
- 1996: Discovery and creation of copernicium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research[۱۵۰]
کپڑے ، کاسمیٹکس تے فیشن
[سودھو]- 13ويں صدی: کپڑے بند کرنے یا بند کرنے دے لئی بٹن ہولز دے نال فنکشنل بٹن [۱۵۱]
- 18 ويں صدی یا اس توں پہلے: ڈرنڈل ، لیڈرہوسن تے ٹریچٹ [۱۵۲]
- 1709: یوحنا ماریا فارینا (جیوانی ماریا فارینا) از کولون وچ [۱۵۳]
- 1871–1873: جرمن نژاد لیوی اسٹراس دے ذریعہ جینز (روسی نژاد امریکی جیکب ڈیوس دے نال مل کے) [۱۵۴]
- 1905: مستقل لہر جو لوکاں دے استعمال دے لئی موزاں سی ، جرمنی وچ پیدا ہونے والے کارل نیسلر دے ذریعہ [۱۵۵]
- 1911: نیویا ، پہلی جدید کریم ، [۱۵۶] بذریعہ بیئرڈورف ای جی [۱۵۷]
- 1960 دی دہائی: کرسٹین شورامیک دے ذریعہ بی بی کریم [۱۵۸]
کمپیوٹنگ
[سودھو]- 17 ويں صدی دے آخر وچ : گوٹ فریڈ ولہیلم لیبہور دے ذریعہ جدید بائنری عددی نظام [۱۵۹]
- 1918–2323: آرتھر شیربیئس دے ذریعہ اینگما مشین [۱۶۰]
- 1920s کے: Hellschreiber (کے اگردوت میٹرکس پرنٹرز ڈاٹ اثر تے فیکس دی طرف سے) روڈولف جہنم [۱۶۱]
- 1941: کونراڈ زیوس دے ذریعہ پہلا پروگرام قابل ، مکمل خودکار ڈیجیٹل کمپیوٹر ( زیڈ 3 )
- 1942–1945: پروگرامنگ لینگویج پلانکلکول ، کمپیوٹر دے لئی ڈیزائن کردہ پہلی اعلیٰ سطحی پروگرامنگ بولی ، [۱۶۲] کونراڈ زیوز دے ذریعہ
- 1945: دنیا دا پہلا کمرشل ڈیجیٹل کمپیوٹر ( زیڈ 4 ) بذریعہ کونراڈ زیوس [۵]
- 1957: ٹیکنیکل یونیورسٹی میونخ دے کلاؤس سیمیلسن تے فریڈرک ایل بائوئر دے ذریعہ اسٹیک (تجریدی اعداد و شمار دی قسم) [۱۶۳]
- 1960 دی دہائی: جیورجن ڈیتھلوف تے ہیلمٹ گریٹروپ دے ذریعہ اسمارٹ کارڈ [۱۶۴]
تعمیر ، فن تعمیر تے دکاناں
[سودھو]- 1831–1834: وائر رسی از ولہیلم البرٹ [۱۶۵][۱۶۶][۱۶۷]
- 1858: ہوفمین بٹا فریڈرک ہوفمین طرف [۱۶۸][۱۶۹]
- 1880: دنیا دی پہلی برقی لفٹ از ورنر وان سیمنز [۱۷۰]
- 1895: اسٹٹ گارٹ وچ کارل تے ولہیل فین دے ذریعہ بجلی توں چلنے والے ہینڈ ڈرل [۱۷۱]
- 1895: ہنس گولڈشمیڈٹ دے ذریعہ ایکزودھرمک ویلڈنگ دا عمل [۱۷۲]
- 1926–1927: پورٹ ایبل الیکٹرک ( کینسٹاٹ وچ 1926 وچ آندریاس اسٹھل دے ذریعہ ) تے پہلا پٹرول چینسا (1927 وچ ایمل لیپر دے ذریعہ)۔ [۱۷۳] چینسوز دا پیش خیمہ 1830 دے آس پاس برنارڈ ہائن ( آسٹیوٹم ) نے بنایا سی [۱۷۴]
- 1927: میکس گیز تے فرٹز ہل دے ذریعہ کنکریٹ پمپ [۱۷۵]
- 1930s: پارٹیکل بورڈ از منجانس میکس ہیمیلبر [۱۷۶]
- 1954: اسٹین ہیم این ڈیر مر وچ ایکرمین + شمٹ ( FLEX-Elektrowerkzeuge GmbH ) کے زاویہ چکی [۱۷۷][۱۷۸]
- 1958: آرتور فشر دے ذریعہ جدید (پلاسٹک) وال پلگ ( فشر وال پلگ ) [۱۷۹][۱۸۰]
- 1962: دنیا دا پہلا جنسی دکان دی طرف انٹرنیٹ Beate Uhse AG وچ Flensburg [۱۸۱]
- 1963–1967: ایسن وچ کرپپ دا پہلا ہائیڈرولک توڑنے والا [۱۸۲]
- 1988–1990: دے تصور Passivhaus (غیر فعال گھر) معیاری وچ وولف Feist دی طرف ڈارمسڈیڈٹ [۱۸۳]
کھانا
[سودھو]- آلٹ بیئر
- وینزویلا وچ ، جوہن گوٹلیب بینجمن سیگرٹ دے ذریعہ انگوسٹورا نے ، 1824 [۱۸۴]
- برلن ، 1895 وچ پہلا آٹومیٹ ریستوراں ( کوئزیانہ ) [۱۸۵]
- بوموکین
- جدید بیئر - رین ہائٹسجبوٹ [۱۸۶][۱۸۷] تے "مشروبات [بیئر] نوں اپنے اعلیٰ کمال تک پہچانیا" [۱۸۸]
- برلنر (ڈونٹ)
- بیتسمین
- برلنر وائس
- بائینسٹٹیچ
- بلیک فارسٹ کیک
- Bock
- بریٹ ورسٹ
- براؤنشویگر
- Currywurst طرف ہرٹا Heuwer [۱۸۹]
- ڈومنوسٹین بذریعہ ہربرٹ وینڈلر [۱۹۰]
- ڈونواؤلے
- برلن ، 1972 وچ جدید ڈونر کباب سینڈویچ
- ڈارٹ مینڈر ایکسپورٹ
- فانٹا
- فرینکفرٹر کرینز
- فرینکفرٹر وورسٹین
- چپچپا ریچھ
- ہیمبرگر ("بانی" نامعلوم نئيں اے ، لیکن اس دی اصل جرمن اے ) [۱۹۱]
- ہیمبرگ اسٹیک
- ہیج ہاگ سلائس ( کلٹر ہنڈ )
- ہیلس
- ہاٹ ڈاگ [۱۹۲]
- Jägermeister
- Kölsch
- لیگر [۱۹۳]
- لیبکوین
- مارسائٹ بذریعہ جوسٹس وان لیبیگ [۱۹۴]
- مرزن
- گوشت دا عرق جوسٹس وان لیبیگ دے ذریعہ [۱۹۵]
- اوباتڈا
- Parboiled چاول (Huzenlaub عمل) دی طرف توں ایرک گستاو Huzenlaub [۱۹۶]
- پیسنسر از جوزف گرول [۱۹۷][۱۹۸]
- پنکل
- آلو دا ترکاریاں ( Kartoffelsalat ) [۱۹۹][۲۰۰]
- پرٹزیل (اس دی اصل متنازعہ اے ، لیکن جرمنی وچ پریٹجلز دے ابتدائی ریکارڈ سامنے آئے)
- پرنزریگنینٹورٹی
- پمپرنیکل
- ریڈلر
- Riesling دی شراب [۲۰۱]
- رائی بیئر
- شمجین
- شوارزبیئر
- سٹرامر میکس
- چوری ہوئی
- اسٹریوسیلکوچن
- ٹیورسٹ
- تھورنگین ساسیج
- ٹوسٹ ہوائی
- ویلف دا کھیر
- گندم دا بیئر
- Zwieback
- زوئبلکچین
تعلیم ، بولی تے طباعت
[سودھو]- 12 ويں صدی: لینگوا اگنوٹا ، پہلی مکمل طور اُتے مصنوعی زبان ، سینٹ ہلڈگارڈ دے ذریعہ بنجن ، OSB
- c 1440: جوہانس گوٹن برگ دے ذریعہ متحرک قسم دے نال پرنٹنگ پریس [۹]
- 1605: اسٹارس برگ وچ جوہن کیرولس ( جرمن قوم دی مقدس رومی سلطنت دا اک حصہ) دے ذریعہ پہلا اخبار ( ریلیشن الرٹ فورنیمین انڈ جینڈینکروارڈین ہسٹورین ) [۲۰۲]
- 1774: دے عمل deinking طرف یوستس Claproth [۲۰۳]
- 1796: لتھوگرافی طرف Alois Senefelder [۲۰۴]
- ابتدائی انیہويں صدی: ہیلمڈسٹین ماڈل برائے اعلیٰ تعلیم ولہیم وان ہمبولٹ [۲۰۵]
- 1812–1858: جیکب تے ولہیلم گرائم دے ذریعہ گرم دی پریاں دی کہانیاں [۲۰۶]
- 1830s: فریڈرک فریبل دے ذریعہ کنڈرگارٹن دا تصور [۲۰۷]
- 1844: فریڈرک گوٹلوب کیلر دے ذریعہ کاغذ سازی وچ لکڑی دا گودا عمل [۲۰۸]
- 1879–80: تعمیر زبان ولاپوک طرف جوہان مارٹن Schleyer [۲۰۹]
- 1884–1886: لٹو ٹائپ مشین از اوٹمار مرجنٹیلر [۲۱۰]
- 1905: مورس کوڈ مصیبت دا اشارہ سانچہ:Overline ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ) [۲۱۱][۲۱۲]
- 1919: والڈورف تعلیم دی طرف ایمل روآں گرنا تے روڈولف Steiner دتی ميں سٹٹگارٹ [۲۱۳]
- 1937–1951: جرمنی وچ پیدا ہونے والا الیگزینڈر گوڈ دے ذریعہ بین لسانیات [۲۱۴]
تفریح ، الیکٹرانکس تے میڈیا
[سودھو]- c 1151: بنجن کے سینٹ ہلڈگارڈ ، او ایس بی دے ذریعہ قدیم ترین مشہور اخلاقی کھیل ( اورڈو ورٹٹم ) [۲۱۵]
- 1505: پیٹر ہنلن دے ذریعہ دنیا دی پہلی (جیب) واچ ( 1505 دیکھو ) [۲۱۶][۲۱۷]
- 1663: پہلا رسالہ ( ایربولیچ موناتس انٹرریڈونگین )
- 1885: نپکو ڈسک (ابتدائی ٹیلی ویژن وچ بنیادی جزو) از پول گوٹلیب نپکو [۳]
- 1895: پہلی حرکت پذیر سامعین نوں پیش کيتی گئی تصویر ، تے اس طرح برلن وینٹر گارٹن تھیٹر وچ ایمل تے میکس سکلاڈانووسکی دے ذریعہ پہلا سنیما تخلیق کيتا گیا [۲۱۸]
- 1897: کیتھوڈ رے ٹیوب (CRT) تے oscilloscope دے ذریعے فرڈیننڈ براؤن [۲۱۹]
- 1903: برلن دے البرٹ ہنسن دے ذریعہ پرنٹ شدہ سرکٹ بورڈ [۲۲۰]
- 1907: میکپل نیگور (اوہروپیکس) دے ایئر پلگ
- 1907: کبوتر فوٹو گرافی منجانب جولیس نیوبرونر
- 1920s: چھوٹے فارمیٹ کیمرا ( 35 ملی میٹر فارمیٹ ) از اوسکر بارنک
- 1928: ڈریسڈن وچ مقناطیسی ٹیپ ، بعد وچ AEG دے ذریعہ تیار تے تجارتی ہويا [۲۲۱]
- 1930 دی دہائی: ( بی ایس ایف ) (اس وقت کیمیائی دیوہیکل IG Farben دا حصہ) تے AEG دے ذریعہ سرکاری ریڈیو آر آر جی دے تعاون توں (جدید) ٹیپ ریکارڈر [۲۲۲][۲۲۳]
- 1934: Fernsehsender پال Nipkow وچ (ٹی وی اسٹیشن پال Nipkow) برلن ، پہلی عوامی ٹیلی ویژن اسٹیشن نوں دنیا وچ [۲۲۴]
- 1949: ورنر جیکوبی ( سیمنز اے جی ) دے ذریعہ انٹیگریٹڈ سرکٹ [۲۲۵]
- 1961: فیز الٹرنٹنگ لائن (PAL) ، ینالاگ ٹیلی ویژن دے لئی رنگین انہاں نوںڈنگ نظام ، ہنوور وچ ٹیلیفونکن دے والٹر بروچ دے ذریعہ [۲۲۶]
- 1970: ولف گینگ ہیلفریچ (سوئس ماہر فزکس مارٹن اسکڈٹ دے نال ) دا بٹی ہوئی نیومیٹک فیلڈ اثر [۲۲۷]
- 1983: کنٹرولر ایریا نیٹ ورک (CAN بس) بذریعہ رابرٹ بوش GmbH [۲۲۸]
- 1984: فریڈیلم ہلبرینڈ دے ذریعہ مختصر میسج سروس ( ایس ایم ایس ) دا تصور
- 1980 دی دہائی دے آخر تے 1990 دی دہائی دے اوائل: ایم پی 3 کمپریشن الگورتھم (ایم پی 3 پلیئرز دے لئی بنیادی) بذریعہ Iia کارلینز برینڈن برگ ( فرینہوفر سوسائٹی ) [۲۲۹]
- 1990: جنگجوواں دے ذریعہ پہلی ریڈیو دے زیر کنٹرول کلائی گھڑی ( میگا 1 ) [۲۳۰]
- 1991: میونخ وچ جیسکے تے ڈیریئینٹ دے ذریعہ سم کارڈ [۲۳۱][۲۳۲]
- 2005: جرمنی وچ پیدا ہونے والے جاوید کریم دے ذریعہ یوٹیوب ( اسٹیو چن تے چاڈ ہرلی دے نال مل کے) [۲۳۳]
جغرافیہ ، ارضیات تے کان کنی
[سودھو]- 1812: فریڈرک محس دے ذریعہ معدنیات دی سختی دے محوس پیمانہ [۲۳۴]
- 1855: ولفگینگ فرانسز وان کوبییل دے ذریعہ اسٹوروسکوپ [۲۳۵]
- 1884: ولپن میر کیپین دے ذریعہ کوپن دی آب و ہوا دی درجہ بندی ۔ [۲۳۶] بعد وچ تبدیلیاں روڈولف گیگر نے کيتیاں سن (اس طرح بعض اوقات "کوپن - جگر آب و ہوا دی درجہ بندی دے نظام" دے طور اُتے پذیرائی دتی جاندی اے )۔
- 1912: الفریڈ ویگنر دے ذریعہ براعظمی بڑھوتری تے Pangea دے وجود دی تیاری دا نظریہ [۲۳۷]
- 1933: والٹر کرسٹاللر دا مرکزی مقام نظریہ [۲۳۸]
- 1935: جرمنی وچ پیدا ہوئے بونو گٹین برگ ( چارلس فرانسس ریکٹر دے نال مل کے) ریکٹر طول البلد پیمانے [۲۳۹]
گھریلو تے دفتر دا سامان
[سودھو]- 19 ويں صدی: کارل ڈریس دے ذریعہ گوشت دی چکی [۲۴۰]
- 1835: جدید ( سلویریڈ شیشے ) آئینہ از از جسٹس وون لیبیگ [۲۴۱][۲۴۲][۲۴۳]
- 1864: انگو وال پیپر بذریعہ ہیوگو ارفورٹ [۲۴۴]
- 1870–1895: کارل وان لنڈے دے ذریعہ جدید ریفریجریٹر تے جدید فریج ۔ [۲][۲۴۵][۲۴۶][۲۴۷]
- 1886: بون وچ فریڈرک سوینیککن دے ذریعہ سوراخ دے کارٹون تے رنگ بائنڈر [۲۴۸]
- 1886: میکا مائمر وچ انتون الریچ دے ذریعہ فولڈنگ حکمران [۲۴۹]
- 1901: کمپنی بیئرسورڈ ای جی دے ذریعہ چپکنے والی ٹیپ [۲۵۰]
- 1907: (جدید) لانڈری ڈٹرجنٹ ( پرسیل ) بذریعہ ہنیل [۲۵۱]
- 1908: میلیٹا بینٹز دے ذریعہ کاغذی کافی دا فلٹر [۲۵۲]
- 1909: برلن وچ ولی ہابیل دے ذریعہ انڈے دی سلےکے [۲۵۳]
- 1929، 1949: پہلی مشین دی پیداوار ٹی بیگ (1929) تے جدید ٹی بیگ (1949) دی طرف توں ایڈولف Rambold تے Teekanne [۲۵۴]
- 1930 دی دہائی: سیاہی مٹانے والا از پیلکن [۲۵۵]
- 1941: Chemex Coffeemaker جرمن نژاد دی طرف توں پیٹر Schlumbohm [۲۵۶]
- 1954: Wigomat ، بجلی توں پہلے ڈرپ کافی بنانے والا پہلا ادارہ [۲۵۷]
- 1969: ہنکل دے ذریعے گلو دی چھڑی [۲۵۸]
ریاضی
[سودھو]- 1611: جوہانس کیپلر دے ذریعہ کیپلر قیاس [۲۵۹]
- 1623: میکیل کیلکولیٹر از ولہم سکارڈ [۲۶۰][۲۶۱]
- ستارہويں صدی دے آخر وچ : کلکلس [۲۶۲] تے لیبہور دا اشارہ [۲۶۳] تحریر گوٹ فریڈ ولہیلم لیبہور
- 1673–1676: ott دے لئی لیبہور فارمولا π بذریعہ گوٹ فریڈ ولہیلم لیبہور [۲۶۴]
- 1675: گوٹ فرائڈ ولہیلم لیبنز دے ذریعہ انضمام دی علامت [۲۶۵]
- 1795: کارل فریڈرک گاؤس دے گھٹ توں گھٹ اسکوائر [۲۶۶]
- c 1810: کارل فریڈرک گاؤس دے ذریعہ گاوسی دا خاتمہ [۲۶۷]
- 1824: فریڈرک بیسل دے ذریعہ بیسل فنکشن نوں عام بنانا [۲۶۸]
- 1827: کارل فریڈرک گاؤس دے ذریعہ گاؤس دا نقشہ [۲۶۹] تے گاوسی گھماؤ [۲۷۰]
- 1837: تجزیہ نمبر نظریہ از پیٹر گوستاو لیجیون دیرچلیٹ [۲۷۱]
- c 1850: ریمن جیومیٹری از برنارڈ ریمن
- 1859: ریمن مفروضہ بذریعہ برنارڈ ریمن [۲۷۲]
- 1874: جارج کینٹر دے ذریعہ کینٹور دا پہلا بے حساب ثبوت تے سیٹ تھیوری [۲۷۳]
- 1882: کلین بوتل از از فیلکس کلین [۲۷۴]
- 1891: جارج کینٹور دے ذریعہ کینٹور دی اختلافی دلیل تے کینٹور دا نظریہ [۲۷۵]
- 1897: فیلکس برنسٹین تے ارنسٹ سکریڈر دے ذریعہ کینٹور ern برنسٹین – شروئڈر تھیوریم [۲۷۶]
- c 1900: رنج – کوٹہ دے طریقے بذریعہ ولہیلم کوٹہ تے کارل رنج [۲۷۷][۲۷۸]
- 1900s: ڈیوڈ ہلبرٹ دے ذریعہ ہلبرٹ دی جگہ [۲۷۹]
- 20th صدی دے اوائل: Weyl توں Tensor طرف ہرمن Weyl [۲۸۰]
دواواں تے دواواں
[سودھو]- 1796: Homeopathy by Samuel Hahnemann[۲۸۱]
- 1803–1827: First isolation of morphine by Friedrich Sertürner in Paderborn; first marketed to the general public by Sertürner and Company in 1817 as a pain medication; and the first commercial production began in 1827 in Darmstadt by Merck.[۲۸۲]
- 1832: First synthesis of chloral hydrate, the first hypnotic drug,[۲۸۳] by Justus von Liebig at the University of Giessen;[۲۸۴] Oscar Liebreich introduced the drug into medicine in 1869 and discovered its hypnotic and sedative qualities.
- 1840: Discovery and description of Graves-Basedow disease by Karl Adolph von Basedow[۲۸۵]
- 1847: Kymograph by Carl Ludwig[۲۸۶]
- 1850s: Microscopic pathology by Rudolf Virchow[۲۸۷]
- 1850–51: Ophthalmoscope by Hermann von Helmholtz[۲۸۸]
- 1852: First complete blood count by Karl von Vierordt[۲۸۹]
- 1854: Sphygmograph by Karl von Vierordt[۲۹۰]
- 1855: First synthesis of the cocaine alkaloid by Friedrich Gaedcke;[۲۹۱] development of an improved purification process by Albert Niemann in 1859–1860, who also coined the name "cocaine".[۲۹۲] First commercial production of cocaine began in 1862 in Darmstadt by Merck.[۲۹۳]
- 1882: Adhesive bandage (Guttaperchapflastermulle) by Paul Carl Beiersdorf
- 1882: Discovery of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria which causes tuberculosis, by Robert Koch[۲۹۴]
- 1884: Discovery of the pathogenic bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae which causes diphtheria, by Edwin Klebs and Friedrich Löffler[۲۹۵]
- 1884: Koch's postulates by Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler, based on earlier concepts described by Jakob Henle[۲۹۶]
- 1884: Discovery of the vibrio cholerae bacteria which causes cholera, by Robert Koch[۲۹۷]
- 1887: Amphetamine by Romanian-born Lazăr Edeleanu in Berlin[۲۹۸]
- 1887: Löffler's medium by Friedrich Loeffler[۲۹۹]
- 1888: First successful afocal scleral glass contact lenses by Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick[۳۰۰]
- 1890: Diphtheria antitoxin by Emil von Behring[۳۰۱]
- 1897–1899: Aspirin by Felix Hoffmann or Arthur Eichengrün at Bayer in Elberfeld[۳۰۲]
- 1897: Heroin by Felix Hoffmann at Bayer in Elberfeld[۳۰۳]
- 1897: Protargol by Arthur Eichengrün.[۳۰۴]
- 1897: Discovery of the cause of foot-and-mouth disease (Aphthovirus) by Friedrich Loeffler[۳۰۵]
- 1907–1910: First synthesis of arsphenamine, the first antibiotic,[۳۰۶] by Paul Ehrlich and Alfred Bertheim.[۳۰۷] In 1910 marketed by Hoechst under the name Salvarsan.[۳۰۸]
- 1908–1911: Creation of dihydrocodeine[۳۰۹]
- 1909, 1929: First intrauterine device (IUD) by Richard Richter (of Waldenburg, then part of Germany; in 1909), and the first ring (Gräfenberg's ring, 1929) used by a significant number of women by Ernst Gräfenberg.[۳۱۰]
- 1909: Labello by Dr. Oscar Troplowitz[۳۱۱]
- 1912–1916: Modern condom by Julius Fromm in Berlin[۳۱۲]
- 1912: MDMA by Merck chemist Anton Köllisch[۳۱۳]
- 1914: Development and creation of oxymorphone[۳۱۴]
- 1916: Creation of oxycodone by Martin Freund and Edmund Speyer at the University of Frankfurt
- 1920–1924: First synthesis of hydrocodone by Carl Mannich and Helene Löwenheim in 1920,[۳۱۵] first marketed by former German drug development company Knoll as Dicodid in 1924.[۳۱۶]
- 1922: Discovery and creation of desomorphine by Knoll
- 1923: Creation of hydromorphone (Dilaudid) by Knoll[۳۱۷]
- 1924: First human Electroencephalography (EEG) recording by Hans Berger. Berger also discovered alpha waves
- 1929: Cardiac catheterization by Werner Forssmann[۳۱۸]
- 1932: Prontosil by Josef Klarer and Fritz Mietzsch at Bayer[۳۱۹]
- 1937–1939: Creation of methadone by Max Bockmühl and Gustav Ehrhart of IG Farben
- 1939: Intramedullary rod by Gerhard Küntscher[۳۲۰]
- 1943: Luria–Delbrück experiment by Max Delbrück[۳۲۱]
- 1953: Echocardiography by Carl Hellmuth Hertz (with Swedish physician Inge Edler)[۳۲۲]
- 1961: Combined oral contraceptive pill by Schering AG[۳۲۳][۳۲۴]
- 1997: C-Leg by Ottobock[۳۲۵]
- 2007: Small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) by Walter Sekundo and Marcus Blum
فوجی تے (کیمیائی) ہتھیار
[سودھو]موسیقی دے آلات
[سودھو]فزکس تے سائنسی آلات
[سودھو]- 1512, 1576: Theodolite by Gregorius Reisch and Martin Waldseemüller (1512),[۳۲۶] although the first "true" version was created by Erasmus Habermehl (1576)
- 1608: Telescope by German-born Hans Lippershey[۳۲۷]
- 1650: First vacuum pump by Otto von Guericke
- 1654: Magdeburg hemispheres by Otto von Guericke
- 1663: First electrostatic generator by Otto von Guericke[۳۲۸]
- 1745: Leyden jar (Kleistian jar) by Ewald Georg von Kleist[۳۲۹]
- 1777: Discovery of Lichtenberg figures by Georg Christoph Lichtenberg[۳۳۰]
- 1801: Discovery of ultraviolet by Johann Wilhelm Ritter[۳۳۱]
- 1813: Gauss's law by Carl Friedrich Gauss[۳۳۲]
- 1814: Discovery of Fraunhofer lines by Joseph von Fraunhofer[۳۳۳]
- 1817: Ackermann steering geometry by Georg Lankensperger in Munich[۳۳۴][۳۳۵]
- 1817 or earlier: Gyroscope by Johann Gottlieb Friedrich von Bohnenberger in Tübingen[۳۳۶]
- 1820: Galvanometer by Johann Schweigger in Halle[۳۳۷]
- 1827: Ohm's law by Georg Ohm[۳۳۸]
- 1833: Magnetometer by Carl Friedrich Gauss[۳۳۹]
- 1845: Kirchhoff's circuit laws by Gustav Kirchhoff
- 1850: Formulation of the first and second law of thermodynamics by Rudolf Clausius[۳۴۰][۳۴۱]
- 1852: First experimental investigation of the Magnus effect by Heinrich Gustav Magnus[۳۴۲]
- 1857: Geissler tube by Heinrich Geißler[۳۴۳]
- 1959: Helmholtz resonance by Hermann von Helmholtz[۳۴۴]
- 1859: Spectrometer by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff[۳۴۵]
- 1861: First telephone transmitter by Johann Philipp Reis;[۳۴۶][۳۴۷] he also coined the term "telephone"
- 1864–1875: Centrifuge by brothers Alexander and Antonin Prandtl from Munich
- 1865: Concept of entropy by Rudolf Clausius[۳۴۸]
- 1869: First observation of cathode rays by Johann Wilhelm Hittorf and Julius Plücker
- 1870: Virial theorem by Rudolf Clausius[۳۴۹]
- 1874: Refractometer by Ernst Abbe[۳۵۰]
- 1883: First accurate electricity meter (Pendelzähler) by Hermann Aron[۳۵۱]
- 1886: Discovery of anode rays by Eugen Goldstein[۳۵۲]
- 1887: Discoveries of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect and radio waves by Heinrich Hertz[۳۵۳]
- 1887: First parabolic antenna by Heinrich Hertz[۳۵۴]
- 1893–1896: Wien approximation (1896)[۳۵۵] and Wien's displacement law (1893)[۳۵۶] by Wilhelm Wien
- 1895: Discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen in Würzburg[۳۵۷]
- 1897: Nernst lamp by Walther Nernst in Göttingen[۳۵۸]
- 1900: Drude model by Paul Drude[۳۵۹]
- 1900: Planck constant and Planck's law by Max Planck[۳۶۰]
- 1900–1930: Quantum mechanics by i.a. Max Planck and Werner Heisenberg[۳۶۱]
- 1901: Modern pyrometer by Ludwig Holborn and Ferdinand Kurlbaum[۳۶۲]
- 1904: Boundary layer theory by Ludwig Prandtl[۳۶۳]
- 1904: First radar system by Christian Hülsmeyer (Telemobiloscope)[۳۶۴]
- 1905: Mass–energy equivalence (E = mc2)[۳۶۵] and special relativity[۳۶۶] by Albert Einstein
- 1905: Rubens' tube by Heinrich Rubens[۳۶۷]
- 1906–1912: Third law of thermodynamics (Nernst's theorem) by Walther Nernst[۳۶۸]
- 1913: Echo sounding by Alexander Behm[۳۶۹][۳۷۰]
- 1913: Discovery of the Stark effect by Johannes Stark[۳۷۱]
- 1915: Noether's theorem by Emmy Noether[۳۷۲]
- 1916: General relativity by Albert Einstein[۳۷۳]
- 1917: Laser's theoretical foundation by Albert Einstein[۳۷۴]
- 1919: Discovery of the Barkhausen effect by Heinrich Barkhausen[۳۷۵]
- 1919: Betz's law by Albert Betz
- 1920s: (Modern) hand-held metal detector by German-born Gerhard Fischer
- 1921: Discovery of nuclear isomerism by Otto Hahn[۳۷۶]
- 1921–22: Stern–Gerlach experiment by Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach[۳۷۷]
- 1924: Description of coincidence method by Walther Bothe[۳۷۸]
- 1924–25: Bose–Einstein statistics, Bose–Einstein condensate and Boson by Albert Einstein[۳۷۹]
- 1927: Free electron model by Arnold Sommerfeld[۳۸۰]
- 1927: Uncertainty principle by Werner Heisenberg[۳۸۱]
- 1928: Geiger–Müller counter by Hans Geiger and Walther Müller[۳۸۲]
- 1931: Electron microscope by Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll[۳۸۳]
- 1933: Discovery of the Meissner effect by Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld[۳۸۴]
- 1937–39: CNO cycle (Bethe–Weizsäcker process) by Carl von Weizsäcker and German-born Hans Bethe[۳۸۵]
- 1937: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) by Manfred von Ardenne[۳۸۶]
- 1938: Discovery of nuclear fission by Otto Hahn and Fritz Straßmann in Berlin[۳۸۷][۳۸۸]
- 1949: Development of the nuclear shell model by Maria Goeppert-Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen[۳۸۹]
- 1950s: Quadrupole ion trap by Wolfgang Paul
- 1958: Discovery of the Mössbauer effect by Rudolf Mössbauer[۳۹۰]
- 1959: Penning trap by Hans Georg Dehmelt[۳۹۱]
- 1961: Bark scale by Eberhard Zwicker[۳۹۲]
- 1963: Proposition of heterojunction by Herbert Kroemer[۳۹۳]
- 1980: Quantum Hall effect by Klaus von Klitzing[۳۹۴]
- 1980s: Atomic force microscope and the scanning tunneling microscope by Gerd Binnig[۳۹۵]
- 1988: Discovery of giant magnetoresistance by Peter Grünberg[۳۹۶]
- 1994: STED microscopy by Stefan Hell and Jan Wichmann[۳۹۷]
- 1998: Frequency comb by Theodor W. Hänsch[۳۹۸]
سوشیالوجی ، فلسفہ تے سیاست
[سودھو]- 18 ويں صدی دے آخر وچ : جرمن آئیڈیل ازم از ایمانوئیل کانٹ [۳۹۹]
- 19 ويں صدی: مارکسزم ، کمیونزم تے سوشلزم دی بنیاد ، [۴۰۰][۴۰۱] کارل مارکس تے فریڈرک اینگلز [۴۰۲]
- 1852: ساکسونی وچ فرانز ہرمن شلوز - ڈیلٹزچ دے ذریعہ کریڈٹ یونین ، بعد وچ فریڈرک ولہیلم رائفائزن نے ہور تیار کيتا [۴۰۳]
- 19 ويں صدی دے آخر وچ : میکس ویبر دے ذریعہ ورسٹین [۴۰۴]
- 1879: لیپزگ وچ ولیہم وانڈٹ دی تجرباتی نفسیات [۴۰۵][۴۰۶]
- 1880 دی دہائی: جرمن سلطنت (1871 181918) سیاستدان اوٹو وان بسمارک دے تحت دنیا دی پہلی جدید فلاحی ریاست بن گئ ، [۴۰۷] جدوں انہاں نے مثال دے طور اُتے مندرجہ ذیل چیزاں نوں عملی جامہ پہنایا:
- ہیلتھ انشورنس ( کرانکنورسیشرونگ) 1883 وچ [۴۰۸]
- 1884 وچ حادثے دی انشورینس دی ( غیر فالسچارنگ)
- 1889 وچ پنشن انشورنس ( گیسیٹزلیچ رینٹینورسریچنگ)
- 1897: سائنسی - انسان دوست کمیٹی ، تریخ وچ ایل جی بی ٹی حقوق دی پہلی تنظیم ، [۴۰۹] جس دی تشکیل برلن وچ میگنس ہرشفیلڈ نے کيتی۔
- 1916: جرمنی دی سلطنت دن وچ روشنی دی بچت دے وقت (DST) نوں نافذ کرنے والا دنیا دا پہلا ملک بن گیا [۴۱۰]
- 1930s: فرینکفرٹ اسکول [۴۱۱] ذریعہ تنقیدی نظریہ
- 1966: نجی کاپی کرنے والی لیوی (جسنوں خالی میڈیا ٹیکس یا عائد وی کہیا جاندا اے ) [۴۱۲]
- 1978: بلیو فرشتہ ( ڈیر بلیو اینجیل ) سند ، دنیا دا پہلا ماحولیاتی
مذہب ، اخلاقیات تے تہوار
[سودھو]- 1434: ڈریسڈن وچ دنیا دی پہلی حقیقی کرسمس مارکیٹ ( اسٹرائیلزمارکٹ ) [۴۱۳]
- 1517: مارٹن لوتھر دے ذریعہ پروٹسٹینٹ ازم تے لوتھرانیزم [۴۱۴]
- 16 ويں صدی: کرسمس دا جدید درخت [۴۱۵]
- 17 ويں صدی: ایسٹر بنی [۴۱۶]
- c 1610: tinsel دے ميں نیورمبرگ [۴۱۷]
- 1776: Illuminati دی طرف آدم Weishaupt [۴۱۸]
- 1810: اوکٹوبرفیسٹ ، میونخ وچ دنیا دا سب توں وڈا ووکسفیسٹ ، [۴۱۹]
- 1839: جوہن ہنریچ وائچرن دے ذریعہ ایڈونٹ دی چادر چڑھائی [۴۲۰]
- c 1850: جرمن لوتھرنس دے ذریعہ ایڈونٹ کیلنڈر ؛ [۴۲۱] جدید ورژن میونخ توں گیرارڈ لینگ (1881–1974) نے تخلیق کيتا سی [۴۲۲]
- c 1790: جوہن کرسٹوف فریڈرک گوٹسموتس دے ذریعہ بیلنس بیم [۴۲۳]
- c 1810: فریڈرک لوڈویگ جان دی افقی بار ، متوازی سلاخاں ، کڑے تے والٹ اپریٹس جنہاں نوں اکثر "جدید جمناسٹکس دے والد" کہیا جاندا اے [۴۲۴][۴۲۵][۴۲۶]
- 1901: یوجین سینڈو دے ذریعہ جدید باڈی بلڈنگ [۴۲۷]
- 1906: شٹزند ، اک کتے دا کھیل جو کتے دی ٹریکنگ دی جانچ کردا اے [۴۲۸]
- c 1910: ورنر رٹبرگر دے ذریعہ فگر اسکیٹنگ وچ لوپ جمپ [۴۲۹]
- 1917–1919: برلن وچ میکس ہیسر ، کارل شیلینز ، تے ایریک کونہی دے ذریعہ ہینڈ بال [۴۳۰][۴۳۱]
- 1920: گلائڈنگ از آسکر ارسینس [۴۳۲]
- 1925: پہلو جمناسٹک از اوٹو فیک نے سکناؤ ڈیر برینڈ [۴۳۳]
- 1936: برلن وچ کارل ڈیم تے الفریڈ شِف دے ذریعہ اولمپک مشعل ریلے دی روایت [۴۳۴]
- 1946: گول بال بذریعہ سیپ رینڈل
- 1948: جرمنی وچ پیدا ہونے والے لڈوگ گٹ مین دے ذریعہ پیرا اولمپک کھیل [۴۳۵][۴۳۶]
- 1954: ایڈولف ( اڈیڈاس ) یا روڈولف ڈسلر ( پوما ) دے ذریعہ سکرو انہاں اسٹڈ والے جدید فٹ بال دے جوندے [۴۳۷]
- 1961: کولون وچ لڈ وِگ وان بیرسُودہ دے ذریعہ پانی دے اندر رگبی [۴۳۸]
- 1963: جوزف قیصر دے ذریعہ گھاہ اسکیئنگ [۴۳۹][۴۴۰]
- 1970: کارل والڈ دے ذریعہ فٹ بال وچ پینلٹی شوٹ آؤٹ [۴۴۱]
- 1989: ڈسلڈورف وچ بین الاقوامی پیرا اولمپک کمیٹی [۴۴۲]
- 1993: Jugger وچ ہائڈلبرگ
- 2000: ڈوئچے ٹورن ویگن ماسٹرز (ڈی ٹی ایم) [۴۴۳]
- 2001: برلن وچ بل برانڈز دے ذریعہ اسپیڈ بیڈمنٹن [۴۴۴]
سیاحت تے تفریح
[سودھو]- 1882: اسٹراڈکورب از ولہیم بارٹل مین روسٹاک [۴۴۵][۴۴۶]
- 1891: پہلا مقصد توں بنایا کروز جہاز ( پرنزیسن وکٹوریہ لوئس ) از البرٹ بالن [۴۴۷]
- 20 واں صدی دے اوائل: جویلیٹ پائلٹس دے ذریعہ پیلیٹس [۴۴۸]
- 1911: Carabiner دے اوٹو "ریمبو" ہرزوگ دی طرف چڑھنے دے لئی [۴۴۹]
- 1920 دی دہائی: جوہانس ہینرچ شلٹز دے ذریعہ آٹجینک تربیت [۴۵۰]
کھلونے تے کھیل
[سودھو]- c 1780: شیفکوف کارڈ گیم [۴۵۱]
- c 1810: الٹینبرگ وچ اسکیٹ کارڈ گیم [۴۵۲]
- 1890: پلازیلین از فرانز کولب [۴۵۳]
- 1892: چینی چیکرس بذریعہ راوینس برگر [۴۵۴]
- 1902: ٹیڈی بیر ( 55 PB ) از رچرڈ اسٹیف
- 1907–08: جوزف فریڈرک شمٹ دے ذریعہ مینش اäرگیر ڈِچ نِچ بورڈ کھیل [۴۵۵]
- 1964: آرچر فشر دے ذریعہ فشرر ٹیکنک [۴۵۶]
- 1972: جرمنی وچ پیدا ہونے والے رالف ایچ بیئر دے ذریعہ گھر دا پہلا ویڈیو کنسول ( میگناووکس اوڈیسی ) [۴۵۷]
- 1974: ہنس بیک دے ذریعہ پلے موبایل
- 1995: کلاؤن ٹیوبر دے ذریعہ کیٹان دے آبادکار [۴۵۸]
آوا جائی
[سودھو]- 1655: First self-propelled wheelchair by Stephan Farffler[۴۵۹]
- 1817: The first bicycle (dandy horse, or Laufmaschine in German) by Baron Karl von Drais[۴۶۰]
- 1817: Tachometer by Diedrich Uhlhorn[۴۶۱][۴۶۲]
- 1834: First practical rotary electric motor by Moritz von Jacobi[۴۶۳]
- 1838: First electric boat by Moritz von Jacobi[۴۶۴]
- 1876: Otto engine, the first modern internal combustion engine,[۴۶۵] by Nicolaus Otto
- 1879–1881: First electric locomotive[۴۶۶] and electric tramway (Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway) by Siemens & Halske[۴۶۷]
- 1882: Trolleybus (Electromote) by Werner von Siemens[۴۶۸]
- 1885: First automobile (Benz Patent-Motorwagen) by Karl Benz in Mannheim[۴۶۹][۴۷۰]
- 1885, 1894: First motorcycle (Daimler Reitwagen) by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach.[۴۷۱] The motorcycle of Hildebrand & Wolfmüller from 1894 (created by Heinrich and Wilhelm Hildebrand, and Alois Wolfmüller) was the first machine to be called a "motorcycle" and the world's first production motorcycle.[۴۷۲]
- 1886: First automobile on four wheels, by Gottlieb Daimler[۴۷۳]
- 1886: Motorboat by Lürssen, in commission of Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, in Bremen[۴۷۴]
- 1888: Driver's license by Karl Benz
- 1888: The world's first filling station was the city pharmacy in Wiesloch[۴۷۵]
- 1888: Flocken Elektrowagen, regarded by some as the first real electric car,[۴۷۶] by Andreas Flocken in Coburg
- 1889: V engine by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach[۴۷۷]
- 1891: Taximeter by Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn
- 1893: Diesel engine, diesel fuel and biodiesel by Rudolf Diesel in Augsburg[۴۷۸]
- 1893: Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat, the first aeroplane to be serially produced,[۴۷۹][۴۸۰] by Otto Lilienthal
- 1893: Zeppelin, the first rigid airship,[۴۸۱] by Ferdinand von Zeppelin
- 1895: Internal combustion engine bus by Daimler[۴۸۲]
- 1896: Modern truck (Daimler Motor-Lastwagen) by Gottlieb Daimler
- 1897: Flat engine by Karl Benz
- 1897: Internal combustion engine taxicab by Gottlieb Daimler[۴۸۳]
- 1901: Mercedes 35 hp, regarded by some as the first real modern automobile,[۴۸۴] by Paul Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach. The car also had the world's first drum brakes.[۴۸۵]
- 1902, 1934: Concept of maglev by Alfred Zehden (1902) and Hermann Kemper (1934).[۴۸۶]
- 1902: First high voltage spark plug by Gottlob Honold[۴۸۷]
- 1902: First practical speedometer by Otto Schultze[۴۸۸][۴۸۹]
- 1906: Gyrocompass by Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe[۴۹۰]
- 1909, 1912: The world's first passenger airline; DELAG in Frankfurt (1909).[۴۹۱] The company also employed the first flight attendant, Heinrich Kubis (1912).[۴۹۲]
- 1912: The world's first diesel locomotive by Gesellschaft für Thermo-Lokomotiven Diesel-Klose-Sulzer GmbH from Munich[۴۹۳] and Borsig from Berlin[۴۹۴]
- 1915: The world's first all-metal aircraft (Junkers J 1) by Junkers & Co[۴۹۵]
- 1916: Gasoline direct injection (GDI) by Junkers & Co[۴۹۶]
- 1928: First rocket-powered aircraft (Lippisch Ente) by Alexander Lippisch
- 1935: Swept wing by Adolf Busemann[۴۹۷]
- 1936: The first operational and practical helicopter (Focke-Wulf Fw 61), by Focke-Achgelis[۴۹۸]
- 1939: First aircraft with a turbojet (Heinkel He 178), and the first practical jet aircraft, by Hans von Ohain[۴۹۹]
- 1943: Krueger flap by Werner Krüger[۵۰۰]
- 1951: Airbag by Walter Linderer[۵۰۱]
- 1957: Wankel engine by Felix Wankel[۵۰۲]
- 1960s: Defogger by Heinz Kunert[۵۰۳]
- Late 1960s: Oxygen sensor by Robert Bosch GmbH[۵۰۴]
- 1973: Spoiler on road cars by Porsche[۵۰۵]
- 1995: Electronic stability control (ESC) by Robert Bosch GmbH and Mercedes-Benz[۵۰۶][۵۰۷]
ہور ویکھو
[سودھو]- جرمن موجد تے دریافت کرنے والے
- جرمن کیمیا داناں دی لسٹ
- جرمن ریاضی داناں دی لسٹ
- جرمن فزکس داناں دی لسٹ
- جرمن سائنسداناں دی لسٹ
- جرمنی وچ سائنس تے ٹکنالوجی
حوالے
[سودھو]- ↑ Childress, Diana (2008). Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, 122. ISBN 978-0-7613-4024-9.
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- ↑ ۳.۰ ۳.۱ Bellis, Mary (6 April 2017). "Television History – Paul Nipkow" (in en). https://www.thoughtco.com/television-history-paul-nipkow-1991828. Retrieved on 8 November 2019.
- ↑ Bianchi, Luigi. "The Great Electromechanical Computers". York University. https://web.archive.org/web/20110427102718/http://www.yorku.ca/lbianchi/sts3700b/lecture17a.html. Retrieved on 17 April 2011.
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