بانیان مذاہب
قدیم (500 قبل مسیحی توں بیشتر)
[سودھو]- دیکھو culture hero for legendary founders of doubtful historicity.
ابتدائی جدید توں قرون وسطی (500–1800 عیسوی)
[سودھو]نويں مذہبی تحریکاں (بعد وچ 1800ء)
[سودھو]- ہور ویکھو: لسٹ نويں مذہبی تحریکیں
افسانوی/نیم-تاریخی
[سودھو]| Traditional founder | Religious tradition founded | Historical founder(s) | Ethnicity | Life of historical founder |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ابراہیم | یہودیت | Yahwists[n ۹] | بنی اسرائیل | c. 13th[۳۸][۳۹][۴۰] to 8واں صدی BC[n ۱۰] |
| لاؤزی | تاؤ مت | چوانگ تزو | Chinese | 369 ق م – 286 BC |
| Saptarishi | Vedic religion | Rigvedic tribes | بھارتی شہری | 16th to 11واں صدی BC |
| یوحنا اصطباغی | مندائیت | صابی | عبرانی قوم | 1st to 3rd century AD |
| ملکہ سبا | Haymanot | Ezana of Axum | Ethiopian | 4واں صدی BC |
ملاحظات
[سودھو]- ↑ "Controversy over Zoroaster's date has been an embarrassment of long standing to Zoroastrian studies. If anything approaching a consensus exists, it is that he lived ca. 1000 BCE give or take a century or so, though reputable scholars have proposed dates as widely apart as ca. 1750 BCE and '258 years before Alexander.'" (انسائیکلوپیڈیا ایرانیکا)
- ↑ historicity disputed but widely considered plausible. Gosta W. Ahlstrom argues the inconsistencies of the biblical tradition are insufficient to say that Ezra, with his central position as the 'father of Judaism' in the Jewish tradition, has been a later literary invention. (The History of Ancient Palestine، Fortress Press, p.888)
- 1 2 3 The teaching of the traditional "founding father" of a "heresy" is may well have differed greatly from the contents of the heresy as generally understood. For references see following notes.
- ↑ Acc. to Rowan Williams, 'Arianism' was essentially a polemical creation of Athanasius in an attempt to show that the different alternatives to the نیقیہ کونسل collapsed back into some form of Arius' teaching. (Arius، SCM (2001) p.247)
- ↑ Pelagius' thought was one sided and an inadequate interpretation of Christianity, but his disciples, Celestius and, to a greater extent, Julian of Eclanum pushed his ideas to extremes.(Kelly, J.N.D. Early Christian Doctrines A & C. Black (1965) p.361) Pelagius himself was declared orthodox by the synod of Diospolis in 415, after repudiating some of Celestius' opinions. (Frend, W.H.C. Saints and Sinners in the Early Church DLT (1985) p.133)
- ↑ Nestorius specifically endorsed the repudiation of "Nestorianism" reached at Chalcedon in 451 (Prestige, G.L. Fathers and Heretics SPCK (1963) p.130)
- ↑ Monophysitism represents an advanced type of Alexandrian Theology; it emerged in a distinctive form in 433 as a result of the agreement between John of Antioch and Cyril of Alexandria۔ The exaggerated form held by Eutyches was condemned in 451 by the Council of Chalcedon۔ In its moderate forms the divergence from orthodoxy may be simply terminological. Alexandrian Theology stressed both divine transcendence and a marked dualism between the material and the spiritual and so tended to nullify the humanity of Christ.(Cross & Livingstone. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (1974) arts. Monophysitism، Alexandrian Theology)
- ↑ Includes the پنجابی لوک، Rajasthanis، and مراٹھی لوک
- ↑ The religion of the Israelites of Iron Age I was based on a cult of ancestors and worship of family gods, the "gods of the fathers"۔ With the emergence of the monarchy at the beginning of Iron Age II the kings promoted their family god, YHWH (Yahweh)، as the god of the kingdom, but beyond the royal court, religion continued to be both polytheistic and family-centered. As such, this founding group is referred to as "Yahwists" as they were neither truly Israelites nor truly Jews.
- ↑ Israel emerges into the historical record in the last decades of the 13واں صدی BCE, at the very end of the Late Bronze Age, as the Canaanite city-state system was ending. In the words of archaeologist William Dever, "most of those who came to call themselves Israelites … were or had been indigenous Canaanites"۔ The worship of YHWH (Yahweh) alone began at the earliest with Elijah in the 9واں صدی BCE, but more likely with the prophet Hosea in the 8th; even then it remained the concern of a small party before gaining ascendancy in the exilic and early post-exilic period.
حوالے
[سودھو]- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 191.
- ↑ Zimmer 1953, p. 183.
- ↑ Fisher, Mary Pat (1997). Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths. London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-148-2. p. 115
- ↑ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1 at line 4446: attempt to call field 'set_selected_modules' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1 at line 4446: attempt to call field 'set_selected_modules' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1 at line 4446: attempt to call field 'set_selected_modules' (a nil value).
- ↑ Upinder Singh 2016, p. 313.
- ↑ Zimmer 1953, p. 222.
- ↑ "Mahavira." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.، 2006. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/mahavira
- ↑ Brueggemann 2002، pp. 75, 144.
- ↑ Bevan, Edwyn (1 جنوری 1999). Stoics and Sceptics: Four Lectures Delivered in Oxford During Hilary Term 1913 for the Common University Fund. Adegi Graphics LLC. ISBN 978-0-543-98288-9.
- ↑ "Plotinus." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press، 2003.
- ↑ "Plotinus." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003.
- ↑ Bilolo, M.: La notion de « l’Un » dans les Ennéades de Plotin et dans les Hymnes thébains. Contribution à l’étude des sources égyptiennes du néo-platonisme. In: D. Kessler, R. Schulz (Eds.)، "Gedenkschrift für Winfried Barta ḥtp dj n ḥzj" (Münchner Ägyptologische Untersuchungen, Bd. 4)، Frankfurt; Berlin; Bern; New York; Paris; Wien: Peter Lang, 1995, pp. 67–91.
- ↑ ، Oxford Dictionary of National Biography۔
- ↑ Daibhi O Croinin, Early Medieval Ireland 400-1200 (2013)، p. 206.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 67.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 128.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 69.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 102.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 95.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 73.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 183.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 75.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 724.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 992.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 741.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 621.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 637.
- ↑ Chryssides 2001، p. 330.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 451.
- ↑ Smith and Prokopy 2003، p. 279-280.
- ↑ See:
- Discussion of why Juche is classified as a major world religion at www.adherents.com Error: unknown archive URL (archived [Date missing]);
- Baker, Donald L. (2008). Korean Spirituality. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 147. ISBN 978-0-8248-3257-5.;
- Temperman, Jeroen (2005). State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance 8. Leiden: BRILL, 145. ISBN 978-90-04-18148-9.۔
- ↑ Beit-Hallahmi 1998، p. 365.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 1051.
- ↑ Beit-Hallahmi 1998، p. 97.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 1004.
- ↑ Albertz 1994، p. 61.
- ↑ Grabbe 2008, pp. 225–6.
- ↑ Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E.. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-097-4.
کتابیات
[سودھو]- Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1998). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Active New Religions, Sects, and Cults (Revised Edition). Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-2586-5.
- Brueggemann, Walter (2002). Reverberations of Faith: A Theological Handbook of Old Testament Themes. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22231-4.
- Chryssides, George D. (2001). Historical dictionary of new religious movements. The Scarecrow Press, Inc.. ISBN 0-8108-4095-2.
- Jestice, Phyllis G. (2004). Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia (Volume 3). ABC-CLIO, Inc.. ISBN 978-1-57607-355-1.
- Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). The Gale Group, Inc.. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0.
- Smith, Christian (1999). Latin American Religion in Motion. New York, New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92106-0.
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- بانیان مذاہب
- تریخ مذاہب
- مذہب متعلقہ فہرستاں
- صفحات مع شکستہ حوالے (غیر موجود حوالہ)